TY  - JOUR
T1  - Childhood hardship, maternal smoking, and birth outcomes: A prospective cohort study
AU  - Harville EW, Boynton-Jarrett R, Power C, Hyppönen E
Y1  - 2010/06/01
N1  - 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.61
JO  - Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
SP  - 533
EP  - 539
VL  - 164
IS  - 6
N2  - Objective 
    To determine the association between type, chronicity, and severity of childhood hardships and smoking status during pregnancy, preterm birth (PTB), and low birth weight (LBW).Design 
    Prospective cohort study.Setting 
    The National Child Development Study, a nationally representative study of births in Great Britain in 1958.Participants 
    Four thousand eight-hundred sixty-five women with at least 1 singleton live birth.Main Exposures 
    Hardship during childhood, indicated by several variables, including financial/structural hardship, lack of parental interest in education, family dysfunction, violence/mental health issues, and family structure.Main Outcome Measures 
    Smoking in pregnancy, LBW, and PTB.Results 
    A consistent and graded association was seen between all types of childhood hardships and smoking status during pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] for 4 or more hardships, 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58-2.58; P < .001 for all comparisons). Most hardships were also associated with risk of LBW and PTB, with associations between number of hardships and both outcomes persisting after controlling for smoking status and adult social class (for LBW, OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.10-2.06; for PTB, OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.08-1.92).Conclusion 
    Childhood hardships have an enduring impact on future pregnancy outcomes, in part through their association with smoking during pregnancy and adult socioeconomic position.
SN  - 1072-4710
M3  - doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.61
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.61
ER  -