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December 1988, Vol 142, No. 12 >
Article | December 1988

Physical and Psychological Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Delinquent Adolescent Males FREE

Ruth T. Gross, MD; James R. MacMahon, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication July 18, 1988.

Reprint requests to Children's Hospital at Stanford, 520 Sand Hill Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (Dr MacMahon).


Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1988;142(12):1361-1366. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150120115053
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• Aerobic exercise has been associated with improved psychological status and physical fitness in adults, but its effects in adolescents have been less clear. This study evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on the self-concept, depression level, and physical fitness of juvenile delinquents. Ninety-eight incarcerated youths who volunteered to participate were assigned in a blind fashion to one of two exercise programs lasting three months. Sixty-nine completed all phases of the study and are the subjects of this report. One exercise program (32 subjects) emphasized aerobic exercise; the other (37 subjects), limited exertion. Before and after participating, each subject underwent measurement of self-concept, mood, and physical fitness. While the aerobic and comparison groups were initially similar, the data demonstrated an association between participation in the aerobic exercise program and improved self-concept, mood, and fitness. Improvement in psychological variables was not dependent on improved physical fitness and was not related to preintervention measures.

(AJDC 1988;142:1361-1366)

REFERENCES

1 +
Goldwater BC, Collis ML:  Psychologic effects of cardiovascular conditioning: A controlled experiment . Psychosom Med 1985;;47:174-181.
2 +
Folkins CH, Lynch S, Gardner MM:  Psychological fitness as a function of physical fitness . Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1972;;53:503-508.
3 +
Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR, et al:  Running as treatment for depression . Compr Psychiatry 1979;;20:41-53.
4 +
Morgan WP, Roberts JA, Brand FR, et al:  Psychological effects of chronic physical activity . Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980;;2:213-217.
5 +
Morgan WP:  Affective beneficence of vigorous physical activity . Med Sci Sport Exerc 1985;; 17:94-100.
6 +
Morgan WP: Coping With Mental Stress: The Potential and Limits of Exercise Intervention . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Mental Health, 1984;, pp 11-14.
7 +
Bar-Or O: Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner . New York, Springer-Verlag NY Inc, 1983;, pp 44-75.
8 +
Offer D, Ostrov E, Howard KL: The Adolescent: A Psychological Self Portrait . New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1981;.
9 +
Kaplan HB: Deviant Behavior in Defense of Self Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1980;.
10 +
Cole E, Kumchy CIG:  The CIP battery: Identification of depression in a juvenile delinquent population . J Clin Psychol 1981;;37:880-884.
11 +
Folkins CH, Sime WE:  Physical fitness training and mental health . Am Psychol 1981;; 36:373-389.
12 +
Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR, et al:  Running through your mind , in Sacks MH, Sacks ML (eds): Psychology of Running . Champaign, Ill, Human Kinetics, 1981;, pp 5-26.
13 +
Layman EM:  Psychological effects of physical activity , in Wilmor JH (ed): Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews . Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1974;, vol 2, pp 33-40.
14 +
Morgan WP:  Exercise and mental disorders , in Ryan AJ, Allman FL Jr (eds): Sports Medicine . Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1974;, pp 671-679.
15 +
Tomporowski PD, Ellis NR:  Effects of exercise on cognitive processes: A review . Psychol Bull 1986;;99:338-346.
16 +
Phelps JR:  Physical activity and health maintenance: Exactly what is known? West J Med 1987;;146:200-206.
17 +
Piers EV, Harris DB: The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale . Los Angeles, Western Psychological Service, 1984;.
18 +
Beck AT, Beamesderfer A:  Assessment of depression: The Depression Inventory , in Pichot P (ed): Psychological Measurements in Psychopharmacology, Modern Problems in Psychometry . New York, S Karger AG, 1974;, vol 7, pp 151-169.
19 +
Beck AT, Wart CH, Mendelsohn M, et al:  An inventory for measuring depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;;4:561-571.
20 +
Teri L:  The use of the Beck Depression Inventory with adolescents . J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982;;10:277-284.
21 +
Beck AT:  Measurement of depression: The depression inventory , in Depression: Causes and Treatment . Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970;, pp 186-206.
22 +
DuRant RH, Dover EV, Alpert BS:  An evaluation of five indices of physical working capacity in children . Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983;; 15:83-87.
23 +
Wahlund H:  Determination of the physical working capacity . Acta Med Scand 1948;; 215( (suppl) ):1-78.
24 +
Adams FH, Linde LM, Miyake H:  The physical working capacity of normal school children . Pediatrics 1961;;28:55-64.
25 +
Dishman RK:  Medical psychology in exercise and sport . Med Clin North Am 1985;;69:123-143.
26 +
Hughes JR:  Psychological effects of habitual aerobic exercise: A critical review . Prev Med 1984;;13:66-78.
27 +
Ransford CP:  A role for amines in the antidepressant effect of exercise: A review . Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982;;14:1-10.
28 +
Stein L, Belluzzi JD:  Brain endorphin and the sense of well being: A psychobiological hypothesis . Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1978;; 18:299-311.
29 +
Hollandsworth JG Jr:  Some thoughts on distance running as training in biofeedback . J Sports Behav 1979;;2:71-82.
30 +
Ismail AH, Trachtman LE:  Jogging the imagination . Psychol Today , (March) 1973;, pp 79-82.
31 +
Solomon EG, Bumpus AK:  The running meditation response: An adjunct to psychotherapy . Am J Psychother 1978;;32:583-592.
32 +
Leonardson GR, Gargiulo RM:  Self perception and physical fitness . Percept Mot Skills 1978;;46:338-340.
33 +
Weingarten G:  Mental performance during physical exertion: The benefit of being physically fit . Int J Sports Psychol 1973;;4:16-26.
34 +
Haskell W:  Physical activity and health: Need to define the required stimulus . Am J Cardiol 1985;;55:4d-10d.
35 +
Calhoun C Jr, Connley S, Bolton JA:  Comparison of delinquents and non-delinquents in ethnicity, ordinal position, and self-perception . J Clin Psychol 1984;;40:323-328.
36 +
Campbell A:  Intrapersonal and interpersonal discrepancy among delinquent and nondelinquent girls: A research note . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988;;29:73-78.
37 +
Kandel DB, Davies M:  Epidemiology of depressive mood in adolescents . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;;39:1205-1212.

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1 +
Goldwater BC, Collis ML:  Psychologic effects of cardiovascular conditioning: A controlled experiment . Psychosom Med 1985;;47:174-181.
2 +
Folkins CH, Lynch S, Gardner MM:  Psychological fitness as a function of physical fitness . Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1972;;53:503-508.
3 +
Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR, et al:  Running as treatment for depression . Compr Psychiatry 1979;;20:41-53.
4 +
Morgan WP, Roberts JA, Brand FR, et al:  Psychological effects of chronic physical activity . Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980;;2:213-217.
5 +
Morgan WP:  Affective beneficence of vigorous physical activity . Med Sci Sport Exerc 1985;; 17:94-100.
6 +
Morgan WP: Coping With Mental Stress: The Potential and Limits of Exercise Intervention . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Mental Health, 1984;, pp 11-14.
7 +
Bar-Or O: Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner . New York, Springer-Verlag NY Inc, 1983;, pp 44-75.
8 +
Offer D, Ostrov E, Howard KL: The Adolescent: A Psychological Self Portrait . New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1981;.
9 +
Kaplan HB: Deviant Behavior in Defense of Self Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1980;.
10 +
Cole E, Kumchy CIG:  The CIP battery: Identification of depression in a juvenile delinquent population . J Clin Psychol 1981;;37:880-884.
11 +
Folkins CH, Sime WE:  Physical fitness training and mental health . Am Psychol 1981;; 36:373-389.
12 +
Greist JH, Klein MH, Eischens RR, et al:  Running through your mind , in Sacks MH, Sacks ML (eds): Psychology of Running . Champaign, Ill, Human Kinetics, 1981;, pp 5-26.
13 +
Layman EM:  Psychological effects of physical activity , in Wilmor JH (ed): Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews . Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1974;, vol 2, pp 33-40.
14 +
Morgan WP:  Exercise and mental disorders , in Ryan AJ, Allman FL Jr (eds): Sports Medicine . Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1974;, pp 671-679.
15 +
Tomporowski PD, Ellis NR:  Effects of exercise on cognitive processes: A review . Psychol Bull 1986;;99:338-346.
16 +
Phelps JR:  Physical activity and health maintenance: Exactly what is known? West J Med 1987;;146:200-206.
17 +
Piers EV, Harris DB: The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale . Los Angeles, Western Psychological Service, 1984;.
18 +
Beck AT, Beamesderfer A:  Assessment of depression: The Depression Inventory , in Pichot P (ed): Psychological Measurements in Psychopharmacology, Modern Problems in Psychometry . New York, S Karger AG, 1974;, vol 7, pp 151-169.
19 +
Beck AT, Wart CH, Mendelsohn M, et al:  An inventory for measuring depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;;4:561-571.
20 +
Teri L:  The use of the Beck Depression Inventory with adolescents . J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982;;10:277-284.
21 +
Beck AT:  Measurement of depression: The depression inventory , in Depression: Causes and Treatment . Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970;, pp 186-206.
22 +
DuRant RH, Dover EV, Alpert BS:  An evaluation of five indices of physical working capacity in children . Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983;; 15:83-87.
23 +
Wahlund H:  Determination of the physical working capacity . Acta Med Scand 1948;; 215( (suppl) ):1-78.
24 +
Adams FH, Linde LM, Miyake H:  The physical working capacity of normal school children . Pediatrics 1961;;28:55-64.
25 +
Dishman RK:  Medical psychology in exercise and sport . Med Clin North Am 1985;;69:123-143.
26 +
Hughes JR:  Psychological effects of habitual aerobic exercise: A critical review . Prev Med 1984;;13:66-78.
27 +
Ransford CP:  A role for amines in the antidepressant effect of exercise: A review . Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982;;14:1-10.
28 +
Stein L, Belluzzi JD:  Brain endorphin and the sense of well being: A psychobiological hypothesis . Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1978;; 18:299-311.
29 +
Hollandsworth JG Jr:  Some thoughts on distance running as training in biofeedback . J Sports Behav 1979;;2:71-82.
30 +
Ismail AH, Trachtman LE:  Jogging the imagination . Psychol Today , (March) 1973;, pp 79-82.
31 +
Solomon EG, Bumpus AK:  The running meditation response: An adjunct to psychotherapy . Am J Psychother 1978;;32:583-592.
32 +
Leonardson GR, Gargiulo RM:  Self perception and physical fitness . Percept Mot Skills 1978;;46:338-340.
33 +
Weingarten G:  Mental performance during physical exertion: The benefit of being physically fit . Int J Sports Psychol 1973;;4:16-26.
34 +
Haskell W:  Physical activity and health: Need to define the required stimulus . Am J Cardiol 1985;;55:4d-10d.
35 +
Calhoun C Jr, Connley S, Bolton JA:  Comparison of delinquents and non-delinquents in ethnicity, ordinal position, and self-perception . J Clin Psychol 1984;;40:323-328.
36 +
Campbell A:  Intrapersonal and interpersonal discrepancy among delinquent and nondelinquent girls: A research note . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988;;29:73-78.
37 +
Kandel DB, Davies M:  Epidemiology of depressive mood in adolescents . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;;39:1205-1212.

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