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A Clinic System to Improve Preschool Vaccinations in a Low Socioeconomic Status Population FREE

Peter G. Harper, MD, MPH; Diane J. Madlon-Kay, MD; Michael G. Luxenberg, PhD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(12):1220-1223. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170490046008.
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Objective:  To determine if a clinic system to assess and vaccinate preschool-age children at every clinic visit can improve vaccination rates.

Design:  A nonequivalent control group design constrasting an intervention clinic with a comparison clinic.

Setting:  Two urban St Paul, Minn, clinics. The intervention clinic is a family practice residency clinic, and the comparison clinic is a community health center clinic.

Patients:  Primarily a low socioeconomic status white population.

Interventions:  A clinic-wide system to identify and vaccinate children at all clinic visits. Appointment personnel, medical assistants, and physicians all had roles in the intervention protocol.

Main Outcome Measures:  Percentage of children at the 2 clinics who were up-to-date for a primary vaccine series at age 24 months and also at the end of the study collection periods, preintervention and postintervention.

Results:  The intervention clinic improved the percentage of children up-to-date for a primary vaccine series at age 24 months from 42% to 56% (P=.02), while the percentage at the comparison clinic did not change significantly (P=.81). Similarly, the intervention clinic improved the percentage of children up-to-date for age at the end of the study periods from 49% preintervention to 63% postintervention (P=.02), while the percentage at the comparison clinic did not improve significantly (P=.45). The system was especially useful for children with few visits to the intervention clinic.

Conclusions:  Although the intervention clinic resulted in a substantial improvement in vaccination rates for preschool-age children, rates remained well below national goals. A combination of clinic, community, and national initiatives may be needed to ensure appropriate vaccination rates for this challenging patient population.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:1220-1223

REFERENCES

Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives . Boston, Mass: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991;.
Zell ER, Dietz VJ, Stevenson J.  Low vaccination levels of preschool and school-aged children in the United States . JAMA . 1994;;271:833-839.
Fielding JE, Cumberland WG, Pettit L.  Immunization status of children of employees in a large corporation . JAMA . 1994;;271:525-530.
Minnesota Department of Health.  Minnesota immunization action plan . Dis Control Newsletter . 1993;;21:58-60.
Orenstein WA, Atkinson W, Mason D, Bernier RH.  Barriers to vaccinating preschool children . J Health Care Poor Underserved . 1990;;1:315-330.
Cutts FT, Orenstein WA, Bernier RH.  Causes of low preschool immunization coverage in the United States . Annu Rev Public Health . 1992;;13:385-398.
The National Vaccine Advisory Committee.  The measles epidemic: the problems, barriers, and recommendations . JAMA . 1991;;266:1547-1552.
Hutchins SS, Escolan J, Markowitz LE, et al.  Measles outbreak among unvaccinated preschool-aged children: opportunities missed by health care providers to administer measles vaccine . Pediatrics . 1989;;83:369-374.
Farizo KM, Stehr-Green PA, Markowitz LE, Patriarca PA.  Vaccination levels and missed opportunities for measles vaccination: a record audit in a public pediatric clinic . Pediatrics . 1992;;89:589-592.
 Impact of missed opportunities to vaccinate preschool-aged children on vaccination coverage levels: selected US sites, 1991-1992 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;;43:709-718.
McConnochie KM, Roghmann KJ.  Immunization opportunities missed among urban poor children . Pediatrics . 1992;;89:1019-1026.
Salsberry PJ, Nickel JT, Mitch R.  Missed opportunities to immunize preschoolers . Appl Nurs Res . 1995;;8:56-60.
Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE, Humiston SG, et al.  Missed opportunities for childhood vaccinations in office practices and the effect on vaccination status . Pediatrics .1993;;91:1-7.
Williams IT, Milton JD, Farrell JB, Graham NMH.  Interaction of socioeconomic status and provider practices as predictors of immunization coverage in Virginia children . Pediatrics . 1995;;96:439-446.
Dietz VJ, Stevenson J, Zell ER, Cochi S, Hadler S, Eddins D.  Potential impact on vaccination coverage levels by administering vaccines simultaneously and reducing dropout rates . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 1994;;148:943-949.
Ad Hoc Working Group for the Development of Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices.  Standards for pediatric immunization practices . JAMA . 1993;; 269:1817-1822.
Pierce C, Goldstein M, Suozzi K, Gallaher M, Dietz V, Stevenson J.  The impact of the standards for pediatric immunization practices on vaccination coverage levels . JAMA . 1996;;276:626-630.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives . Boston, Mass: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991;.
Zell ER, Dietz VJ, Stevenson J.  Low vaccination levels of preschool and school-aged children in the United States . JAMA . 1994;;271:833-839.
Fielding JE, Cumberland WG, Pettit L.  Immunization status of children of employees in a large corporation . JAMA . 1994;;271:525-530.
Minnesota Department of Health.  Minnesota immunization action plan . Dis Control Newsletter . 1993;;21:58-60.
Orenstein WA, Atkinson W, Mason D, Bernier RH.  Barriers to vaccinating preschool children . J Health Care Poor Underserved . 1990;;1:315-330.
Cutts FT, Orenstein WA, Bernier RH.  Causes of low preschool immunization coverage in the United States . Annu Rev Public Health . 1992;;13:385-398.
The National Vaccine Advisory Committee.  The measles epidemic: the problems, barriers, and recommendations . JAMA . 1991;;266:1547-1552.
Hutchins SS, Escolan J, Markowitz LE, et al.  Measles outbreak among unvaccinated preschool-aged children: opportunities missed by health care providers to administer measles vaccine . Pediatrics . 1989;;83:369-374.
Farizo KM, Stehr-Green PA, Markowitz LE, Patriarca PA.  Vaccination levels and missed opportunities for measles vaccination: a record audit in a public pediatric clinic . Pediatrics . 1992;;89:589-592.
 Impact of missed opportunities to vaccinate preschool-aged children on vaccination coverage levels: selected US sites, 1991-1992 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;;43:709-718.
McConnochie KM, Roghmann KJ.  Immunization opportunities missed among urban poor children . Pediatrics . 1992;;89:1019-1026.
Salsberry PJ, Nickel JT, Mitch R.  Missed opportunities to immunize preschoolers . Appl Nurs Res . 1995;;8:56-60.
Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE, Humiston SG, et al.  Missed opportunities for childhood vaccinations in office practices and the effect on vaccination status . Pediatrics .1993;;91:1-7.
Williams IT, Milton JD, Farrell JB, Graham NMH.  Interaction of socioeconomic status and provider practices as predictors of immunization coverage in Virginia children . Pediatrics . 1995;;96:439-446.
Dietz VJ, Stevenson J, Zell ER, Cochi S, Hadler S, Eddins D.  Potential impact on vaccination coverage levels by administering vaccines simultaneously and reducing dropout rates . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 1994;;148:943-949.
Ad Hoc Working Group for the Development of Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices.  Standards for pediatric immunization practices . JAMA . 1993;; 269:1817-1822.
Pierce C, Goldstein M, Suozzi K, Gallaher M, Dietz V, Stevenson J.  The impact of the standards for pediatric immunization practices on vaccination coverage levels . JAMA . 1996;;276:626-630.

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