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May 1997, Vol 151, No. 5 >
Article | May 1997

Comparison of Injury During Cadet Basic Training by Gender FREE

Polly E. Bijur, PhD; Marybeth Horodyski, EdD; Walter Egerton, MD; Matthew Kurzon, MS; Stephen Lifrak, PhD; Stanford Friedman, MD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(5):456-461. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170420026004.
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Objectives:  To describe the rate and distribution of injuries during basic training in male and female cadets and to assess the contribution of pretraining conditioning and height to the male-female differential in injuries.

Design:  Cohort study.

Setting:  The US Military Academy, West Point, NY.

Participants:  A total of 558 cadets from the class of 1995 at the US Military Academy.

Main Outcome Measures:  The rate of injuries resulting in 1 or more days excused from physical activities per 100 cadets and the rate of injuries resulting in hospitalization of 1 night or longer per 100 cadets.

Results:  Women had 2.5 times the rate of injuries as men and 3.9 times the rate of injuries resulting in hospitalization. Women had significantly more stress fractures and stress reactions than men. The median number of days excused from physical activities for women's injuries was significantly higher than that from men's injuries. Pretraining conditioning, measured by performance on a 2-mile (3.2-km) run, accounted for approximately half the difference in rates of injuries between men and women; differences in height among men and women did not account for differences in injury rates.

Conclusions:  The women had a higher risk for injury during military training than men. Increased pretraining conditioning may substantially decrease the risk for injury.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:456-461

REFERENCES

1 +
Hoiberg A, White JF.  Health status of women in the armed forces . Armed Forces Society . 1992;;18:514-533.
2 +
US Department of Defense. Women in uniform (table). 1994 Defense Almanac. Alexandria, Va: US Government Printing Office; 1994;5:30.
3 +
Gallagher SS, Finison K, Guyer B, Goodenough S.  The incidence of injuries among 87,000 Massachusetts children and adolescents: results of the 1980-81 statewide childhood injury prevention program surveillance system . Am J Public Health . 1984;;74:1340-1347.
4 +
Rivara FP, Calonge N, Thompson RS.  Population-based study of unintentional injury incidence and impact during childhood . Am J Public Health . 1989;;79:990-994.
5 +
Protzman RR.  Physiologic performance of women compared to men: observation of cadets at the United States Military Academy . Am J Sports Med . 1979;; 7:191-194.
6 +
Reinker KA, Ozburne S.  A comparison of male and female orthopedic pathology in basic training . Milit Med . 1979;;144:532-536.
7 +
Kowal DM.  Nature and causes of injuries in women resulting from an endurance training program . Am J Sports Med . 1980;;8:265-269.
8 +
Bensel CK, Kish RN. Lower Extremity Disorders Among Men and Women in Army Basic Training and the Effects of Two Types of Boots . Natick, Mass: US Army Natick Research & Development Laboratories; 1983;. Technical report TR 83/026.
9 +
Jones BH, Manikowski R, Harris JH, Dziados J, Norton S, Ewart T. Incidence of and Risk Factors for Injury and Illness Among Male and Female Army Basic Trainees . Natick, Mass: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; 1988;. Technical report TR 19/88.
10 +
Anderson JL.  Women's sports and fitness programs at the US Military Academy . Physician Sportsmed . 1979;;7:72-78.
11 +
Military Program Greenbook (Program) AY95-96 . West Point, NY: Office of Commandant of Cadets; 1995;:E1-E10.
12 +
Clarke KS, Miller SJ. The National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS). In: Proceedings of the Second National Sports Safety Congress; 1977; Washington, DC.
13 +
Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale, 1985 Revision . Des Plaines, III: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 1985;.
14 +
Mello RP, Murphy MM, Vogel JA.  Relationship between a two mile run for time and maximal oxygen uptake . J Appl Sport Sci Res . 1988;;2:9-12.
15 +
Everitt BS. The Analysis of Contingency Tables . New York, NY: Chapman & Hall Ltd; 1977;.
16 +
Passer MW, Seese MD.  Life stress and athletic injury: examination of positive versus negative events and three moderator variables . J Human Stress . 1983;; 9:11-16.
17 +
Hardy CJ, Reihl MA.  An examination of the life-stress injury relationship among noncontact sport participants . Behav Med . 1988;;4:113-118.
18 +
Smith RE, Smoll FL, Ptacek JT.  Conjunctive moderator variables in vulnerability and resiliency research: life stress, social support and coping skills, and adolescent sport injuries . J Pers Soc Psychol . 1990;;58:360-370.
19 +
Smith RE, Ptacek JT, Smoll FL.  Sensation seeking, stress and adolescent injuries: a test of stress-buffering, risk-taking, and coping skills hypotheses . J Pers Soc Psychol . 1992;;62:1016-1024.

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References

1 +
Hoiberg A, White JF.  Health status of women in the armed forces . Armed Forces Society . 1992;;18:514-533.
2 +
US Department of Defense. Women in uniform (table). 1994 Defense Almanac. Alexandria, Va: US Government Printing Office; 1994;5:30.
3 +
Gallagher SS, Finison K, Guyer B, Goodenough S.  The incidence of injuries among 87,000 Massachusetts children and adolescents: results of the 1980-81 statewide childhood injury prevention program surveillance system . Am J Public Health . 1984;;74:1340-1347.
4 +
Rivara FP, Calonge N, Thompson RS.  Population-based study of unintentional injury incidence and impact during childhood . Am J Public Health . 1989;;79:990-994.
5 +
Protzman RR.  Physiologic performance of women compared to men: observation of cadets at the United States Military Academy . Am J Sports Med . 1979;; 7:191-194.
6 +
Reinker KA, Ozburne S.  A comparison of male and female orthopedic pathology in basic training . Milit Med . 1979;;144:532-536.
7 +
Kowal DM.  Nature and causes of injuries in women resulting from an endurance training program . Am J Sports Med . 1980;;8:265-269.
8 +
Bensel CK, Kish RN. Lower Extremity Disorders Among Men and Women in Army Basic Training and the Effects of Two Types of Boots . Natick, Mass: US Army Natick Research & Development Laboratories; 1983;. Technical report TR 83/026.
9 +
Jones BH, Manikowski R, Harris JH, Dziados J, Norton S, Ewart T. Incidence of and Risk Factors for Injury and Illness Among Male and Female Army Basic Trainees . Natick, Mass: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; 1988;. Technical report TR 19/88.
10 +
Anderson JL.  Women's sports and fitness programs at the US Military Academy . Physician Sportsmed . 1979;;7:72-78.
11 +
Military Program Greenbook (Program) AY95-96 . West Point, NY: Office of Commandant of Cadets; 1995;:E1-E10.
12 +
Clarke KS, Miller SJ. The National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS). In: Proceedings of the Second National Sports Safety Congress; 1977; Washington, DC.
13 +
Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale, 1985 Revision . Des Plaines, III: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 1985;.
14 +
Mello RP, Murphy MM, Vogel JA.  Relationship between a two mile run for time and maximal oxygen uptake . J Appl Sport Sci Res . 1988;;2:9-12.
15 +
Everitt BS. The Analysis of Contingency Tables . New York, NY: Chapman & Hall Ltd; 1977;.
16 +
Passer MW, Seese MD.  Life stress and athletic injury: examination of positive versus negative events and three moderator variables . J Human Stress . 1983;; 9:11-16.
17 +
Hardy CJ, Reihl MA.  An examination of the life-stress injury relationship among noncontact sport participants . Behav Med . 1988;;4:113-118.
18 +
Smith RE, Smoll FL, Ptacek JT.  Conjunctive moderator variables in vulnerability and resiliency research: life stress, social support and coping skills, and adolescent sport injuries . J Pers Soc Psychol . 1990;;58:360-370.
19 +
Smith RE, Ptacek JT, Smoll FL.  Sensation seeking, stress and adolescent injuries: a test of stress-buffering, risk-taking, and coping skills hypotheses . J Pers Soc Psychol . 1992;;62:1016-1024.

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