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July 1995, Vol 149, No. 7 >
Article | July 1995

Relation of Alcohol Expectancies to Changes in Problem Drinking Among College Students FREE

Mark J. Werner, MD; Lynn S. Walker, PhD; John W. Greene, MD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149(7):733-739. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170200023003.
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Objective:  To evaluate the relation between alcohol expectancies and problem drinking during 3 years of college.

Design:  Cohort with 3-year follow-up.

Setting:  Private university campus.

Participants:  A random sample of 260 students entered a longitudinal study of alcohol use at the beginning of their freshman year. One hundred eighty-four students completed follow-up measures at the end of their junior year. Respondents were 90% white, with a mean (±SD) age of 17.9±0.5 years.

Interventions:  None.

Main Outcome Measures:  A standardized measure of expectations and subjective evaluations of outcomes associated with drinking, quantity and frequency of alcohol use, and a composite measure of alcohol-related problems.

Results:  Students were divided into nondrinking, low-risk, and high-risk groups for problem drinking. A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant interaction effects for risk group by expectancy scale (P<.009) and for expectancy scale by time (P<.001). The three risk groups differed significantly from each other on positive outcome expectations at entry into college and positive expectations and negative outcome evaluations at the end of the junior year. Students who became problem drinkers during college had significantly higher positive outcome expectation scores at both times and developed less concern for negative outcomes by the end of their junior year. The few initial problem drinkers who moderated their drinking during college demonstrated an increased concern for negative outcomes by their junior year.

Conclusions:  Alcohol expectancies are associated with differing patterns of alcohol use and are longitudinally related to subsequent changes in alcohol use and problem drinking.(Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:733-739)

REFERENCES

1 +
Cox WM, Klinger E.  Incentive motivation, affective change, and alcohol use . In: Cox WM, ed. Why People Drink . New York, NY: Gardner Press; 1990;:291-314.
2 +
Gaines LS.  Cognition and the environment: implications for a self-awareness theory of drinking . In: Harford TC, Gaines LS, eds. Social Drinking Contexts . Washington, DC: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1981;. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Monograph No. 7.
3 +
Smith GT, Goldman MS.  Alcohol expectancy theory and the identification of high-risk adolescents . J Res Adolesc . 1994;;4:229-247.
4 +
Goldman MS, Brown SA, Christiansen BA.  Expectancy theory: thinking about drinking . In: Blane HT, Leonard KE, eds. Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism . New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1987;;181-226.
5 +
Christiansen BA, Goldman MS, Inn A.  Development of alcohol-related expectancies in adolescents . J Consult Clinic Psychol . 1982;;50:336-344.
6 +
Goldman MS.  The alcohol expectancy concept: applications to assessment, prevention, and treatment of alcohol abuse . Appl Prev Psychol . 1994;;3:131-144.
7 +
Hops H, Tildesley E, Lichtenstein E, et al.  Parent-adolescent problem-solving interactions and drug use . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse . 1990;;16:239-258.
8 +
Denoff MS.  An integrated analysis of the contribution made by irrational beliefs and parental interaction to adolescent drug abuse . Int J Addict . 1988;;23:655-669.
9 +
Kandel DB, Andrews K.  Processes of adolescent socialization by parents and peers . Int J Addict . 1987;;22:319-342.
10 +
Cohn DA, Richardson J, LaBree L.  Parenting behaviors and the onset of smoking and alcohol use: a longitudinal study . Pediatrics . 1994;;94:368-375.
11 +
Comerci CG, Macdonald DI.  Prevention of substance abuse in children and adolescents . Adolosc Med State Art Rev . 1990;;1:127-143.
12 +
Werner MJ. Adolescent Substance Abuse: Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies: Technical Information Bulletin . Washington, DC: Maternal and Child Health Bureau, US Dept of Health and Human Resources; (February) 1991;.
13 +
Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY.  Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention . Psychol Bull . 1992;;112:64-105.
14 +
Kumpfer KL. Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Abuse: A Critical Review of Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies: Prevention of Mental Disorders, Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Children and Adolescents . Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1989;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication (ADM) 89-1646.
15 +
Wolin SJ, Bennett LA, Noonan DL, Teitelbaum MA.  Disrupted family rituals . J Stud Alcohol . 1980;;41:199-214.
16 +
Brown SA, Christiansen BA, Goldman MS.  The alcohol expectancy questionnaire . J Stud Alcohol . 1987;;48:483-491.
17 +
Brown SA, Goldman MS, Christiansen BA.  Do alcohol expectancies mediate drinking patterns of adults? J Consult Clinic Psychol . 1985;;53:512-519.
18 +
Werner MJ, Walker LS, Greene JW.  Alcohol expectancies, problem drinking, and adverse health consequences . J Adolesc Health . 1993;;14:446-452.
19 +
Christiansen BA, Smith GT, Roehling PV, Goldman MS.  Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one year . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1989;;57:93-99.
20 +
Brown SA, Creamer VA, Stetson BA.  Adolescent alcohol expectancies in relation to personal and parental drinking practices . J Abnorm Psychol . 1987;;96:117-121.
21 +
Mann LM, Chassin L, Sher KJ.  Alcohol expectancies and the risk for alcoholism . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1987;;55:411-417.
22 +
Brown SA, Munson E.  Extroversion, anxiety and the perceived effects of alcohol . J Stud Alcohol . 1987;;48:272-276.
23 +
Fromme K, Kivlahan DR, Marlatt GA.  Alcohol expectancies, risk identification, and secondary prevention with problem drinkers . Adv Behav Res Ther . 1986;; 8:237-251.
24 +
Darkes J, Goldman MS.  Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1993;;61:344-353.
25 +
Brown SA, Goldman MS, Inn Am, Anderson L.  Expectations of reinforcement from alcohol . J Consult Clinic Psychol . 1980;;48:419-426.
26 +
Stacy AW, Widaman KF, Marlatt GA.  Expectancy models of alcohol use . J Pers Soc Psychol . 1990;:58:918-928.
27 +
Leigh BC.  Evaluations of alcohol expectancies: do they add to prediction of drinking patterns? Psychol Addict Behav . 1987;;1:135-139.
28 +
Critchlow B.  A utility analysis of drinking . Addict Behav . 1987;;12:269-273.
29 +
Leigh BC.  Beliefs about the effects of alcohol on self and others . J Stud Alcohol . 1987;;48:467-475.
30 +
Collins RL, Lapp WM, Emmons KM, Isaac LM.  Endorsement and strength of alcohol expectancies . J Stud Alcohol . 1990;;51:336-342.
31 +
Goldman MS, Brown SA, Christiansen BA, Smith GT.  Alcoholism etiology and memory . Psychol Bull . 1991;;110:137-146.
32 +
Leigh BC.  In search of the seven dwarves . Psychol Bull . 1989;;105:361-373.
33 +
Fromme K, Stroot E.  Comprehensive effects of alcohol . Psychol Assess . 1993;; 5:19-26.
34 +
Eigen LD. Alcohol Practices, Policies, and Potentials of American Colleges and Universities . Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Office of Substance Abuse Prevention; 1991;.
35 +
Smith GT, Miller TL.  Toward a developmental framework for the treatment of adolescent alcohol abuse . In: Watson RR, ed. Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews: Alcohol Abuse Treatment . Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1992;;3:87-113.
36 +
Smith DS, Collins M, Kreisberg JP, Volpicelli JR, Alterman Al.  Screening for problem drinking in college freshmen . J Am Coll Health . 1987;;36:89-94.
37 +
Heck EJ.  Developing a screening questionnaire for problem drinking in college students . JAm Coll Health . 1991;;39:227-231.
38 +
Presley CA, Meilman PW. Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: A Report to College Presidents: Drug Prevention in Higher Education Program, Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education . Washington, DC: US Dept of Education; (July) 1992;.
39 +
Shedler J, Block J.  Adolescent drug use and psychological health, a longitudinal inquiry . Am Psychol . 1990;;45:612-630.
40 +
Klitzner M, Fisher D, Stewart K, Gilbert S. Substance Abuse: Early Intervention for Adolescents . Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 1992;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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References

1 +
Cox WM, Klinger E.  Incentive motivation, affective change, and alcohol use . In: Cox WM, ed. Why People Drink . New York, NY: Gardner Press; 1990;:291-314.
2 +
Gaines LS.  Cognition and the environment: implications for a self-awareness theory of drinking . In: Harford TC, Gaines LS, eds. Social Drinking Contexts . Washington, DC: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1981;. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Monograph No. 7.
3 +
Smith GT, Goldman MS.  Alcohol expectancy theory and the identification of high-risk adolescents . J Res Adolesc . 1994;;4:229-247.
4 +
Goldman MS, Brown SA, Christiansen BA.  Expectancy theory: thinking about drinking . In: Blane HT, Leonard KE, eds. Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism . New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1987;;181-226.
5 +
Christiansen BA, Goldman MS, Inn A.  Development of alcohol-related expectancies in adolescents . J Consult Clinic Psychol . 1982;;50:336-344.
6 +
Goldman MS.  The alcohol expectancy concept: applications to assessment, prevention, and treatment of alcohol abuse . Appl Prev Psychol . 1994;;3:131-144.
7 +
Hops H, Tildesley E, Lichtenstein E, et al.  Parent-adolescent problem-solving interactions and drug use . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse . 1990;;16:239-258.
8 +
Denoff MS.  An integrated analysis of the contribution made by irrational beliefs and parental interaction to adolescent drug abuse . Int J Addict . 1988;;23:655-669.
9 +
Kandel DB, Andrews K.  Processes of adolescent socialization by parents and peers . Int J Addict . 1987;;22:319-342.
10 +
Cohn DA, Richardson J, LaBree L.  Parenting behaviors and the onset of smoking and alcohol use: a longitudinal study . Pediatrics . 1994;;94:368-375.
11 +
Comerci CG, Macdonald DI.  Prevention of substance abuse in children and adolescents . Adolosc Med State Art Rev . 1990;;1:127-143.
12 +
Werner MJ. Adolescent Substance Abuse: Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies: Technical Information Bulletin . Washington, DC: Maternal and Child Health Bureau, US Dept of Health and Human Resources; (February) 1991;.
13 +
Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY.  Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention . Psychol Bull . 1992;;112:64-105.
14 +
Kumpfer KL. Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Abuse: A Critical Review of Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies: Prevention of Mental Disorders, Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Children and Adolescents . Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1989;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication (ADM) 89-1646.
15 +
Wolin SJ, Bennett LA, Noonan DL, Teitelbaum MA.  Disrupted family rituals . J Stud Alcohol . 1980;;41:199-214.
16 +
Brown SA, Christiansen BA, Goldman MS.  The alcohol expectancy questionnaire . J Stud Alcohol . 1987;;48:483-491.
17 +
Brown SA, Goldman MS, Christiansen BA.  Do alcohol expectancies mediate drinking patterns of adults? J Consult Clinic Psychol . 1985;;53:512-519.
18 +
Werner MJ, Walker LS, Greene JW.  Alcohol expectancies, problem drinking, and adverse health consequences . J Adolesc Health . 1993;;14:446-452.
19 +
Christiansen BA, Smith GT, Roehling PV, Goldman MS.  Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one year . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1989;;57:93-99.
20 +
Brown SA, Creamer VA, Stetson BA.  Adolescent alcohol expectancies in relation to personal and parental drinking practices . J Abnorm Psychol . 1987;;96:117-121.
21 +
Mann LM, Chassin L, Sher KJ.  Alcohol expectancies and the risk for alcoholism . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1987;;55:411-417.
22 +
Brown SA, Munson E.  Extroversion, anxiety and the perceived effects of alcohol . J Stud Alcohol . 1987;;48:272-276.
23 +
Fromme K, Kivlahan DR, Marlatt GA.  Alcohol expectancies, risk identification, and secondary prevention with problem drinkers . Adv Behav Res Ther . 1986;; 8:237-251.
24 +
Darkes J, Goldman MS.  Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1993;;61:344-353.
25 +
Brown SA, Goldman MS, Inn Am, Anderson L.  Expectations of reinforcement from alcohol . J Consult Clinic Psychol . 1980;;48:419-426.
26 +
Stacy AW, Widaman KF, Marlatt GA.  Expectancy models of alcohol use . J Pers Soc Psychol . 1990;:58:918-928.
27 +
Leigh BC.  Evaluations of alcohol expectancies: do they add to prediction of drinking patterns? Psychol Addict Behav . 1987;;1:135-139.
28 +
Critchlow B.  A utility analysis of drinking . Addict Behav . 1987;;12:269-273.
29 +
Leigh BC.  Beliefs about the effects of alcohol on self and others . J Stud Alcohol . 1987;;48:467-475.
30 +
Collins RL, Lapp WM, Emmons KM, Isaac LM.  Endorsement and strength of alcohol expectancies . J Stud Alcohol . 1990;;51:336-342.
31 +
Goldman MS, Brown SA, Christiansen BA, Smith GT.  Alcoholism etiology and memory . Psychol Bull . 1991;;110:137-146.
32 +
Leigh BC.  In search of the seven dwarves . Psychol Bull . 1989;;105:361-373.
33 +
Fromme K, Stroot E.  Comprehensive effects of alcohol . Psychol Assess . 1993;; 5:19-26.
34 +
Eigen LD. Alcohol Practices, Policies, and Potentials of American Colleges and Universities . Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Office of Substance Abuse Prevention; 1991;.
35 +
Smith GT, Miller TL.  Toward a developmental framework for the treatment of adolescent alcohol abuse . In: Watson RR, ed. Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews: Alcohol Abuse Treatment . Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1992;;3:87-113.
36 +
Smith DS, Collins M, Kreisberg JP, Volpicelli JR, Alterman Al.  Screening for problem drinking in college freshmen . J Am Coll Health . 1987;;36:89-94.
37 +
Heck EJ.  Developing a screening questionnaire for problem drinking in college students . JAm Coll Health . 1991;;39:227-231.
38 +
Presley CA, Meilman PW. Alcohol and Drugs on American College Campuses: A Report to College Presidents: Drug Prevention in Higher Education Program, Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education . Washington, DC: US Dept of Education; (July) 1992;.
39 +
Shedler J, Block J.  Adolescent drug use and psychological health, a longitudinal inquiry . Am Psychol . 1990;;45:612-630.
40 +
Klitzner M, Fisher D, Stewart K, Gilbert S. Substance Abuse: Early Intervention for Adolescents . Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 1992;.

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