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February 1995, Vol 149, No. 2 >
Article | February 1995

Barriers to Wearing Bicycle Safety Helmets in the Netherlands FREE

Gerard H. P. Seijts, MPH; Gerjo Kok, PhD; Lex M. Bouter, PhD; Helen A. J. Klip, MPH
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149(2):174-180. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170140056009.
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Objective:  To explore behavioral factors that determine whether children (aged 7 to 13 years) wear bicycle safety helmets.

Design:  Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:  Three Dutch primary schools in Breda, Maastricht, and Terneuzen, the Netherlands.

Participants:  Two hundred fifty-nine children aged 7 to 13 years.

Intervention:  Wearing a bicycle safety helmet for 6 consecutive weeks.

Results:  Information about experiences with the bicycle safety helmet was gathered via questionnaires. Wearing a bicycle safety helmet was described as inconvenient, time-consuming, and uncomfortable. Children also perceived negative reactions from their social environment.

Conclusions:  Planned health promotion activities will be essential for the introduction of bicycle safety helmets to be successful. These activities should focus particularly on developing a comfortable bicycle safety helmet, creating facilities to store bicycle safety helmets, and changing negative social norms regarding wearing a bicycle safety helmet.(Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:174-180)

REFERENCES

1 +
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek-Stuurgroep Toekomstscenario's Gezondheidszorg. Ongevallen in het Jaar 2000, deel 2: Achtergrondstudies en Wetenschappelijke Verantwoording . Utrecht, the Netherlands: Bohn, Scheltema en Holkema; 1988;.
2 +
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek—Stuurgroep Toekomstscenario's Gezondheidszorg. Ongevallen Signaleringsrapport 2: Trends in Enkele Geïndustrialiseerde Landen 1970-1987 . Rijswijk, the Netherlands: Stuurgroep Toekomstscenario's Gezondheidszorg; 1988;.
3 +
Harris S. Verkeergewonden Geteld en Gemeten . Leidschendam, the Netherlands: Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid; 1989;.
4 +
Stichting Informatiecentrum Gezondheidszorg/Landelijke Medische Registratie. Ontslagen Ziekenhuispatienten: Gepoolde Gegevens Nederland 1988 . Utrecht, the Netherlands: Stichting Informatiecentrum Gezondheidszorg; 1990;.
5 +
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Statistiek van de Verkeersongevallen op de Openbare Weg . Den Haag, the Netherlands: Staatsuitgeverij; 1991;.
6 +
Maas MW. De Politie-Registratie van Verkeersgewonden in Ziekenhuizen: Een Onderzoek naar de Compleetheid, Representativiteit en Betrouwbaarheid van de Registratie van in Ziekenhuis Opgenomen Verkeersgewonden . Leidschendam, the Netherlands: Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid; 1982;.
7 +
van Montfoort GLM, van Galen WChC, Harris S. Ongevallen in Nederland: Een Onderzoek naar Prive-, Verkeers-, Sport-, en Bedrijfsongevallen in de Periode Augustus 1986-Augustus 1987 . Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Stichting Consument en Veiligheid; 1988;.
8 +
Passies G. Kinderen in het Ziekenhuis als Slachtoffer van een Ongeval in het verkeer . Groningen, the Netherlands: Academisch Ziekenhuis Groningen, afdeling Traumatologie; 1984;.
9 +
Passies G. Langdurige Gevolgen van Ongevalsletsels bij Fietsers . Groningen, the Netherlands: Academisch Ziekenhuis Groningen, afdeling Traumatologie; 1990;.
10 +
Healy DJ. Trends in Helmet Usage Rates and Bicyclist Numbers Sustaining Injury . Victoria, Australia: Road Traffic Authority; 1986;.
11 +
Reynolds R, Cohen D.  Children, bicycles and head injuries . Med J Aust . 1987;; 146:615.
12 +
Selbst SM, Alexander D, Ruddy R.  Bicycle related injuries . AJDC . 1987;:141: 140-144.
13 +
Simpson AH, Unwin PS, Nelson IW.  Head injuries, helmets, cycle lanes and cyclists . BMJ . 1988;;296:1162-1172.
14 +
Kraus JF, Fife D, Conroy C.  Incidence, severity, and outcomes of brain injuries involving bicycles . Am J Public Health . 1987;;77:76-78.
15 +
Chan BSH, Walker PJ, Cass DT.  Urban trauma: an analysis of 1116 paediatric cases . J Trauma . 1990;;29:1540-1547.
16 +
Thompson RS, Rivarra FP, Thompson DC.  A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets . N Engl J Med . 1989;;320:1361-1367.
17 +
O'Rourke NA, Costello F, Yelland JD, Stuart GG.  Head injuries to children riding bicycles . Med J Aust . 1987;;146:619-621.
18 +
Armson CJ, Pollard CW.  Child cyclist injuries: a prospective study . Med J Aust . 1986;:144:144-146.
19 +
Dorsch MM, Woodward AJ, Somers RL.  Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in real crashes? Accid Anal Prev . 1987;;19:183-190.
20 +
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Wolf ME.  A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury . Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:1471-1474.
21 +
Bengtsson M. Use of Bicycle Safety Helmets Among Adults and Children . Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Road Safety Office; 1988;.
22 +
Wood T, Milne P.  Head injuries to pedal cyclists and the promotion of helmet use in Victoria, Australia . Accid Anal Prev . 1988;;20:177-185.
23 +
Bell R, Drakenberg U.  Promoting helmet use in the schools: the Swedish experience . In: Proceedings of the Child Accident Prevention Conference . Stockholm, Sweden: Barnmiljöradet; 1989;.
24 +
DiGuiseppi CG, Rivara FP, Koepsell TD, Polissar L.  Bicycle helmet use by children: evaluation of a community-wide helmet campaign . JAMA . 1989;;262: 2256-2261.
25 +
Wise A. Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria: 1983-1989 . Hawthorn, Australia: Road Safety Division; 1989;.
26 +
Bergman AB, Rivara FP, Richards DD, Rogers LW.  The Seattle children's bicycle helmet campaign . AJDC . 1990;;144:727-731.
27 +
Beel A. Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria: 1988 . Hawthorn, Australia: Road Traffic Authority; 1988;.
28 +
Sullivan G, Wise A. Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria: 1983-1990 . Hawthorn, Australia: Road Safety Division; 1990;.
29 +
de Vries H, Weijts W, Dijkstra M, Kok GJ.  The utilization of qualitative and quantitative data for health education program planning, implementation and evaluation: a spiral approach . Health Educ Q .1992;;19:101-115.
30 +
Howland J, Sargent J, Weitzman M, et al.  Barriers to bicycle helmet use among children . AJDC . 1989;;143:741-744.
31 +
DiGuiseppi CG, Rivara FP, Koepsell TD.  Attitudes toward bicycle helmet ownership and use by school-age children . AJDC . 1990;;144:83-86.
32 +
Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ.  Bicyclists helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness . Am J Public Health . 1988;; 78:1220-1221.
33 +
Elliot BJ. Bicycle Helmet Research . Victoria, Australia: Road Traffic Authority; 1983;.
34 +
Brookman DJ.  Bicycle injuries in a rural community . Med J Aust . 1989;;150: 284-286.
35 +
Ajzen I.  Attitudes, traits and actions: dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology . In: Berkowitz L, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1987;.
36 +
de Vries H, Dijkstra M, Kuhlman P.  Self-efficacy: the third factor besides attitude and subjective norm as a predictor of behavioral intention . Health Educ Res . 1988;;3:273-283.
37 +
Kok GJ, de Vries H, Mudde AM, Strecher VJ.  Planned health education and the role of self-efficacy: Dutch research . Health Educ Res . 1991;;6:231-238.
38 +
Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall International Inc; 1986;.
39 +
Moore DW, Adair V.  Effects of a school-based education programme on safety helmet usage by 11- to 13-year-old cyclists . Educ Psychol . 1990;;10:73-78.
40 +
Cushman R, James W, Waclawik H.  Physicians promoting bicycle helmets for children: a randomized trial . Am J Public Health . 1991;;81:1044-1046.
41 +
Hammarström A, Janlert U.  Strategies for accident prevention in the community of Lulea . In: Proceedings of the Child Accident Prevention Conference . Stockholm, Sweden: Barnmiljöradet; 1989;.
42 +
Stevenson T, Lennie J.  Empowering school students in developing strategies to increase bicycle helmet wearing . Health Educ Res . 1992;;7:555-566.
43 +
Kok GJ, Green LW.  Research to support health promotion in practice: a plea for increased cooperation . Health Promotion Int . 1990;;5:303-308.
44 +
Festinger L. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance . Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press; 1957;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek-Stuurgroep Toekomstscenario's Gezondheidszorg. Ongevallen in het Jaar 2000, deel 2: Achtergrondstudies en Wetenschappelijke Verantwoording . Utrecht, the Netherlands: Bohn, Scheltema en Holkema; 1988;.
2 +
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek—Stuurgroep Toekomstscenario's Gezondheidszorg. Ongevallen Signaleringsrapport 2: Trends in Enkele Geïndustrialiseerde Landen 1970-1987 . Rijswijk, the Netherlands: Stuurgroep Toekomstscenario's Gezondheidszorg; 1988;.
3 +
Harris S. Verkeergewonden Geteld en Gemeten . Leidschendam, the Netherlands: Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid; 1989;.
4 +
Stichting Informatiecentrum Gezondheidszorg/Landelijke Medische Registratie. Ontslagen Ziekenhuispatienten: Gepoolde Gegevens Nederland 1988 . Utrecht, the Netherlands: Stichting Informatiecentrum Gezondheidszorg; 1990;.
5 +
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Statistiek van de Verkeersongevallen op de Openbare Weg . Den Haag, the Netherlands: Staatsuitgeverij; 1991;.
6 +
Maas MW. De Politie-Registratie van Verkeersgewonden in Ziekenhuizen: Een Onderzoek naar de Compleetheid, Representativiteit en Betrouwbaarheid van de Registratie van in Ziekenhuis Opgenomen Verkeersgewonden . Leidschendam, the Netherlands: Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid; 1982;.
7 +
van Montfoort GLM, van Galen WChC, Harris S. Ongevallen in Nederland: Een Onderzoek naar Prive-, Verkeers-, Sport-, en Bedrijfsongevallen in de Periode Augustus 1986-Augustus 1987 . Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Stichting Consument en Veiligheid; 1988;.
8 +
Passies G. Kinderen in het Ziekenhuis als Slachtoffer van een Ongeval in het verkeer . Groningen, the Netherlands: Academisch Ziekenhuis Groningen, afdeling Traumatologie; 1984;.
9 +
Passies G. Langdurige Gevolgen van Ongevalsletsels bij Fietsers . Groningen, the Netherlands: Academisch Ziekenhuis Groningen, afdeling Traumatologie; 1990;.
10 +
Healy DJ. Trends in Helmet Usage Rates and Bicyclist Numbers Sustaining Injury . Victoria, Australia: Road Traffic Authority; 1986;.
11 +
Reynolds R, Cohen D.  Children, bicycles and head injuries . Med J Aust . 1987;; 146:615.
12 +
Selbst SM, Alexander D, Ruddy R.  Bicycle related injuries . AJDC . 1987;:141: 140-144.
13 +
Simpson AH, Unwin PS, Nelson IW.  Head injuries, helmets, cycle lanes and cyclists . BMJ . 1988;;296:1162-1172.
14 +
Kraus JF, Fife D, Conroy C.  Incidence, severity, and outcomes of brain injuries involving bicycles . Am J Public Health . 1987;;77:76-78.
15 +
Chan BSH, Walker PJ, Cass DT.  Urban trauma: an analysis of 1116 paediatric cases . J Trauma . 1990;;29:1540-1547.
16 +
Thompson RS, Rivarra FP, Thompson DC.  A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets . N Engl J Med . 1989;;320:1361-1367.
17 +
O'Rourke NA, Costello F, Yelland JD, Stuart GG.  Head injuries to children riding bicycles . Med J Aust . 1987;;146:619-621.
18 +
Armson CJ, Pollard CW.  Child cyclist injuries: a prospective study . Med J Aust . 1986;:144:144-146.
19 +
Dorsch MM, Woodward AJ, Somers RL.  Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in real crashes? Accid Anal Prev . 1987;;19:183-190.
20 +
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Wolf ME.  A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury . Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:1471-1474.
21 +
Bengtsson M. Use of Bicycle Safety Helmets Among Adults and Children . Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Road Safety Office; 1988;.
22 +
Wood T, Milne P.  Head injuries to pedal cyclists and the promotion of helmet use in Victoria, Australia . Accid Anal Prev . 1988;;20:177-185.
23 +
Bell R, Drakenberg U.  Promoting helmet use in the schools: the Swedish experience . In: Proceedings of the Child Accident Prevention Conference . Stockholm, Sweden: Barnmiljöradet; 1989;.
24 +
DiGuiseppi CG, Rivara FP, Koepsell TD, Polissar L.  Bicycle helmet use by children: evaluation of a community-wide helmet campaign . JAMA . 1989;;262: 2256-2261.
25 +
Wise A. Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria: 1983-1989 . Hawthorn, Australia: Road Safety Division; 1989;.
26 +
Bergman AB, Rivara FP, Richards DD, Rogers LW.  The Seattle children's bicycle helmet campaign . AJDC . 1990;;144:727-731.
27 +
Beel A. Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria: 1988 . Hawthorn, Australia: Road Traffic Authority; 1988;.
28 +
Sullivan G, Wise A. Bicycle Helmet Usage Rates in Victoria: 1983-1990 . Hawthorn, Australia: Road Safety Division; 1990;.
29 +
de Vries H, Weijts W, Dijkstra M, Kok GJ.  The utilization of qualitative and quantitative data for health education program planning, implementation and evaluation: a spiral approach . Health Educ Q .1992;;19:101-115.
30 +
Howland J, Sargent J, Weitzman M, et al.  Barriers to bicycle helmet use among children . AJDC . 1989;;143:741-744.
31 +
DiGuiseppi CG, Rivara FP, Koepsell TD.  Attitudes toward bicycle helmet ownership and use by school-age children . AJDC . 1990;;144:83-86.
32 +
Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ.  Bicyclists helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness . Am J Public Health . 1988;; 78:1220-1221.
33 +
Elliot BJ. Bicycle Helmet Research . Victoria, Australia: Road Traffic Authority; 1983;.
34 +
Brookman DJ.  Bicycle injuries in a rural community . Med J Aust . 1989;;150: 284-286.
35 +
Ajzen I.  Attitudes, traits and actions: dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology . In: Berkowitz L, ed. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1987;.
36 +
de Vries H, Dijkstra M, Kuhlman P.  Self-efficacy: the third factor besides attitude and subjective norm as a predictor of behavioral intention . Health Educ Res . 1988;;3:273-283.
37 +
Kok GJ, de Vries H, Mudde AM, Strecher VJ.  Planned health education and the role of self-efficacy: Dutch research . Health Educ Res . 1991;;6:231-238.
38 +
Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall International Inc; 1986;.
39 +
Moore DW, Adair V.  Effects of a school-based education programme on safety helmet usage by 11- to 13-year-old cyclists . Educ Psychol . 1990;;10:73-78.
40 +
Cushman R, James W, Waclawik H.  Physicians promoting bicycle helmets for children: a randomized trial . Am J Public Health . 1991;;81:1044-1046.
41 +
Hammarström A, Janlert U.  Strategies for accident prevention in the community of Lulea . In: Proceedings of the Child Accident Prevention Conference . Stockholm, Sweden: Barnmiljöradet; 1989;.
42 +
Stevenson T, Lennie J.  Empowering school students in developing strategies to increase bicycle helmet wearing . Health Educ Res . 1992;;7:555-566.
43 +
Kok GJ, Green LW.  Research to support health promotion in practice: a plea for increased cooperation . Health Promotion Int . 1990;;5:303-308.
44 +
Festinger L. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance . Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press; 1957;.

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