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July 1994, Vol 148, No. 7 >
Article | July 1994

Prevalence of Elevated Blood Lead Levels in a Suburban Middle Class Private Practice FREE

Bruce Taubman, MD; Catherine Wiley, MD; Fredrick Henretig, MD
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148(7):757-760. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1994.02170070095018.
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In 1991 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published an update of their pamphlet Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: A Statement by the Centers for Disease Control.1 In this updated version, the CDC significantly lowered the recommended blood lead levels that physicians should consider unacceptable. Whereas previous recommendations, published in 1985, considered blood lead levels of 1.2 μmol/L (25 μg/dL) or greater to be indicative of lead poisoning, the new guidelines considered a blood lead level of 0.48 μmol/L (10 μg/dL) or greater to be toxic. The 1991 publication went on to state, "Our goal is that all children should be screened [for lead poisoning] unless it can be shown that the community in which the child lives does not have a childhood lead poisoning problem." As a response to this lower threshold for lead toxicity and the recommendation by the CDC and others that all

REFERENCES

1 +
Centers for Disease Control. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: A Statement by the Centers for Disease Control . Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991;.
2 +
Needleman HL, Jackson RJ.  Lead toxicity in the 21st century: will we still be treating it? Pediatrics . 1992;;89:678-680.
3 +
Guthrie R.  All preschoolers should be screened for lead toxicity . Med World News . 1992;;94.
4 +
Cummins SK, Goldman LR.  Even advantaged children show cognitive deficits from low-level lead toxicity . Pediatrics . 1992;;90:995-997.
5 +
Hatzakis A, Kokkev A, Katsouyanni K, et al.  Psychometric intelligence and attentional performance deficits in lead-exposed children . Heavy Metals in the Environment . 1987;;1:204-209.
6 +
Fulton M, Raab G, Thompson G, Laxen D, Hunter R, Hepborn W.  Influence of blood lead in the ability and the attainment of children in Edinburg . Lancet . 1987;;1:1221-1226.
7 +
McMichael AJ, Baghurs PA, Wigg NR, Vimpani GV, Robertson EF, Roberts RJ.  Port Pirie Cohort Study: environmental exposure to lead and children's ability at the age of four years . N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:468-475.
8 +
Needleman HL, Gatsonis CA.  Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children: a meta-analysis of modern studies . JAMA . 1990;;263:673-678.
9 +
Bellinger D, Simon J, Leviton A, Robinowitz M, Needleman HL, Waternaux C.  Low-level lead exposure and children's cognitive function in the preschool years . Pediatrics . 1991;;87:219-227.
10 +
Baghurst PA, McMichael AJ, Wigg NR, et al.  Environmental exposure to lead and children intelligence at the age of seven . N Engl J Med . 1992;;327:1279-1284.
11 +
Bellinger DC, Stiles KM, Needleman HL.  Low-level lead exposure, intelligence and academic achievement: a long-term follow-up study . Pediatrics . 1992;;90:855-866.
12 +
Shoen EJ.  Childhood lead poisoning: definition and priorities . Pediatrics . 1993;; 91:504-505.
13 +
Nelson DB, Cox MJ, Richmond D, Toporowicz M, Zuckerman A.  Lead poisoning in a non-inner city practice . AJDC . 1992;;146:478.
14 +
Kirchner JT, Kelley BA.  Pediatric lead screening in a suburban family practice setting . J Fam Pract . 1991;;32:397-400.
15 +
Sargent JD, Dalton M, Stukel T, Klein RZ.  An easily applied barrier method reduces lead contamination of capillary blood specimens . AJDC . 1993;;147:435.
16 +
DeSilva PE, Donnan MB.  Blood lead levels in Victorian children . Med J Aust . 1980;;2:315-318.
17 +
Mitchell DG, Aldous KM, Ryan FJ.  Mass screening for lead poisoning . N Y State J Med . 1974;;74:1599-1603.
18 +
McGregor RS, Jones J, Maksimak JF, Malone WJ.  Comparison of venipuncture lead determination vs standard fingerstick methodology . AJDC . 1993;; 147:438.
19 +
Schonfeld DJ, Cullen MR, Rainey PM, Berg AT, Brown DR, Ciccheti DV.  Screening for lead poisoning using fingerstick samples: false positive rates in an urban pediatric clinic . AJDC . 1993;;147:448.
20 +
Mitchell CK, Buzon RM, Franco SM.  Prevalence of elevated lead levels in infants . AJDC . 1993;;147:470.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Centers for Disease Control. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: A Statement by the Centers for Disease Control . Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991;.
2 +
Needleman HL, Jackson RJ.  Lead toxicity in the 21st century: will we still be treating it? Pediatrics . 1992;;89:678-680.
3 +
Guthrie R.  All preschoolers should be screened for lead toxicity . Med World News . 1992;;94.
4 +
Cummins SK, Goldman LR.  Even advantaged children show cognitive deficits from low-level lead toxicity . Pediatrics . 1992;;90:995-997.
5 +
Hatzakis A, Kokkev A, Katsouyanni K, et al.  Psychometric intelligence and attentional performance deficits in lead-exposed children . Heavy Metals in the Environment . 1987;;1:204-209.
6 +
Fulton M, Raab G, Thompson G, Laxen D, Hunter R, Hepborn W.  Influence of blood lead in the ability and the attainment of children in Edinburg . Lancet . 1987;;1:1221-1226.
7 +
McMichael AJ, Baghurs PA, Wigg NR, Vimpani GV, Robertson EF, Roberts RJ.  Port Pirie Cohort Study: environmental exposure to lead and children's ability at the age of four years . N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:468-475.
8 +
Needleman HL, Gatsonis CA.  Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children: a meta-analysis of modern studies . JAMA . 1990;;263:673-678.
9 +
Bellinger D, Simon J, Leviton A, Robinowitz M, Needleman HL, Waternaux C.  Low-level lead exposure and children's cognitive function in the preschool years . Pediatrics . 1991;;87:219-227.
10 +
Baghurst PA, McMichael AJ, Wigg NR, et al.  Environmental exposure to lead and children intelligence at the age of seven . N Engl J Med . 1992;;327:1279-1284.
11 +
Bellinger DC, Stiles KM, Needleman HL.  Low-level lead exposure, intelligence and academic achievement: a long-term follow-up study . Pediatrics . 1992;;90:855-866.
12 +
Shoen EJ.  Childhood lead poisoning: definition and priorities . Pediatrics . 1993;; 91:504-505.
13 +
Nelson DB, Cox MJ, Richmond D, Toporowicz M, Zuckerman A.  Lead poisoning in a non-inner city practice . AJDC . 1992;;146:478.
14 +
Kirchner JT, Kelley BA.  Pediatric lead screening in a suburban family practice setting . J Fam Pract . 1991;;32:397-400.
15 +
Sargent JD, Dalton M, Stukel T, Klein RZ.  An easily applied barrier method reduces lead contamination of capillary blood specimens . AJDC . 1993;;147:435.
16 +
DeSilva PE, Donnan MB.  Blood lead levels in Victorian children . Med J Aust . 1980;;2:315-318.
17 +
Mitchell DG, Aldous KM, Ryan FJ.  Mass screening for lead poisoning . N Y State J Med . 1974;;74:1599-1603.
18 +
McGregor RS, Jones J, Maksimak JF, Malone WJ.  Comparison of venipuncture lead determination vs standard fingerstick methodology . AJDC . 1993;; 147:438.
19 +
Schonfeld DJ, Cullen MR, Rainey PM, Berg AT, Brown DR, Ciccheti DV.  Screening for lead poisoning using fingerstick samples: false positive rates in an urban pediatric clinic . AJDC . 1993;;147:448.
20 +
Mitchell CK, Buzon RM, Franco SM.  Prevalence of elevated lead levels in infants . AJDC . 1993;;147:470.

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