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November 1992, Vol 146, No. 11 >
Article | November 1992

Parental Behavior in Relation to Physical Activity and Fitness in 9-Year-Old Children FREE

James F. Sallis, PhD; John E. Alcaraz, PhD; Thomas L. McKenzie, PhD; Melbourne F. Hovell, PhD, MPH; Bohdan Kolody, PhD; Philip R. Nader, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication July 14, 1992.

Reprint requests to Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 6363 Alvarado Ct, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92120-4913 (Dr Sallis).


Am J Dis Child. 1992;146(11):1383-1388. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1992.02160230141035.
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• Objective.  —To examine the relationship between parental behaviors and physical activity and fitness in elementary school—aged children.

Design.  —Cross-sectional survey of students and parents.

Setting  .—Seven public elementary schools in a suburban southern California city.

Participants.  —One hundred forty-eight fourth-grade girls and 149 fourth-grade boys and their parents. Eighty-four percent were white.

Interventions.  —None.

Measurements/Main Results.  —Children's physical activity was indicated by self-report, data obtained from a monitor (accelerometer), and results of the mile run/walk. Multiple regression analysis, controlling for ethnicity and body mass index, was conducted separately for girls and boys to explain variation in child activity and fitness. Parents' reported physical activity was not associated with child activity or fitness. However, availability of transportation by parents to sport and fitness activities was significant (or nearly so) in two regressions for boys and in one regression for girls. Parents who played with their children had more active boys, based on self-report, but verbal encouragement to be active was not significant in any model.

Conclusion.  —The parental role as gatekeeper of access to activity and sport facilities deserves further study.(AJDC. 1992;146:1383-1388)

REFERENCES

1 +
Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, Sutton JR, McPherson BD. Exercise, Fitness, and Health . Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1990;.
2 +
Rowland TW. Exercise and Children's Health . Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1990;.
3 +
Sallis JF, Simons-Morton BC, Stone EJ, et al.  Determinants of physical activity and interventions in youth . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1992;;24( (suppl) ): S248-S257.
4 +
Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Oliveria SA, Ellison RC.  Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children . J Pediatr . 1991;;118:215-219.
5 +
Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Buono MJ, Atkins CJ, Nader PR.  Aggregation of physical activity habits in Mexican-American and Anglo families . J Behav Med . 1988;;11:31-41.
6 +
Taylor WC, Baranowski T, Sallis JF. Family determinants of childhood physical activity: a social cognitive model. In: Dishman RK, ed. Exercise Adherence. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. In press.
7 +
Patriksson G.  Socialization to sports involvement . Scand J Sports Sci . 1981;;3:27-32.
8 +
Klesges RC, Eck LH, Hanson CL, Haddock CK, Klesges LM.  Effects of obesity, social interactions and physical environment on physical activity in preschoolers . Health Psychol . 1990;;9:435-449.
9 +
Klesges RC, Malott JM, Boschee PF, Weber JM.  The effects of parental influences on children's food intake, physical activity, and relative weight . Int J Eat Disord . 1986;;5:335-346.
10 +
McKenzie TL, Sallis JF, Nader PR, et al.  BEACHES: an observational system for assessing children's eating and physical activity behaviors and associated events . J Appl Behav Analy . 1991;;24:141-151.
11 +
Jennings AJ, Sheldon MG.  Review of the health of children in one-parent families . J R Coll Gen Pract . 1985;;35:478-483.
12 +
Gottlieb NH, Chen MS.  Sociocultural correlates of childhood sporting activities: their implications for heart health . Soc Sci Med . 1985;;21:533-539.
13 +
Godin G, Shephard RJ.  Psychosocial factors influencing intentions to exercise of young students from grades 7 to 9. Res Q Exerc Sport . 1986;;57: 41-52.
14 +
Stephens T, Jacobs DR, White CC.  A descriptive epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity . Public Health Rep . 1985;;100:147-158.
15 +
Folsom AR, Cook TC, Sprafka JM, Burke GL, Norsted SW, Jacobs DR.  Differences in leisure-time physical activity levels between blacks and whites in population-based samples: the Minnesota Heart Survey . J Behav Med . 1991;;14:1-9.
16 +
Shea S, Stein AD, Basch CE, et al.  Independent associations of educational attainment and ethnicity with behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease . Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;134:567-582.
17 +
Washburn RA, Kline G, Lackland DT, Wheeler FC.  Leisure time physical activity: are there black/white differences? Prev Med . 1992;;21: 127-135.
18 +
Wilson Sporting Goods Co. The Wilson Report: Moms, Dads, Daughters and Sports . River Grove, Ill: Wilson Sporting Good Co; 1988;.
19 +
Sallis JF, Condon SA, Goggin KJ, Roby JJ, Kolody B, Alcaraz JE. The development of self-administered physical activity surveys for fourth grade students. Res Q Exerc Sport. In press.
20 +
Sallis JF, Buono MJ, Roby JJ, Carlson D, Nelson JA.  The Caltrac accelerometer as a physical activity monitor for school-age children . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1990;;22:698-703.
21 +
Institute for Aerobics Research. FITNESSGRAM User's Manual . Dallas, Tex: Institute for Aerobics Research; 1987;.
22 +
Buono MJ, Roby JJ, Micale FJ, Sallis JF, Shepard WE.  Validity and reliability of predicting maximum oxygen uptake via field tests in children and adolescents . Pediatr Exerc Sci . 1991;;3:250-255.
23 +
Godin G, Shephard RJ.  A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community . Can J Appl Sport Sci . 1985;;10:141-146.
24 +
Pate RR, Dowda M, Ross JG.  Associations between physical activity and physical fitness in American children . AJDC . 1990;;144:1123-1129.
25 +
Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Buono MJ, Nader PR.  Relation of cardiovascular fitness and physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adults . Am J Epidemiol . 1988;;127:933-941.
26 +
Simons-Morton BG, O'Hara NM, Parcel GS, Huang IW, Baranowski T, Wilson B.  Children's frequency of participation in moderate to vigorous physical activities . Res Q Exerc Sport . 1990;;61:307-314.
27 +
Shah M, Jeffery RW.  Is obesity due to overeating and inactivity, or to a defective metabolic rate: a review . Ann Behav Med . 1991;;13:73-81.

Figures

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, Sutton JR, McPherson BD. Exercise, Fitness, and Health . Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1990;.
2 +
Rowland TW. Exercise and Children's Health . Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1990;.
3 +
Sallis JF, Simons-Morton BC, Stone EJ, et al.  Determinants of physical activity and interventions in youth . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1992;;24( (suppl) ): S248-S257.
4 +
Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Oliveria SA, Ellison RC.  Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children . J Pediatr . 1991;;118:215-219.
5 +
Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Buono MJ, Atkins CJ, Nader PR.  Aggregation of physical activity habits in Mexican-American and Anglo families . J Behav Med . 1988;;11:31-41.
6 +
Taylor WC, Baranowski T, Sallis JF. Family determinants of childhood physical activity: a social cognitive model. In: Dishman RK, ed. Exercise Adherence. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. In press.
7 +
Patriksson G.  Socialization to sports involvement . Scand J Sports Sci . 1981;;3:27-32.
8 +
Klesges RC, Eck LH, Hanson CL, Haddock CK, Klesges LM.  Effects of obesity, social interactions and physical environment on physical activity in preschoolers . Health Psychol . 1990;;9:435-449.
9 +
Klesges RC, Malott JM, Boschee PF, Weber JM.  The effects of parental influences on children's food intake, physical activity, and relative weight . Int J Eat Disord . 1986;;5:335-346.
10 +
McKenzie TL, Sallis JF, Nader PR, et al.  BEACHES: an observational system for assessing children's eating and physical activity behaviors and associated events . J Appl Behav Analy . 1991;;24:141-151.
11 +
Jennings AJ, Sheldon MG.  Review of the health of children in one-parent families . J R Coll Gen Pract . 1985;;35:478-483.
12 +
Gottlieb NH, Chen MS.  Sociocultural correlates of childhood sporting activities: their implications for heart health . Soc Sci Med . 1985;;21:533-539.
13 +
Godin G, Shephard RJ.  Psychosocial factors influencing intentions to exercise of young students from grades 7 to 9. Res Q Exerc Sport . 1986;;57: 41-52.
14 +
Stephens T, Jacobs DR, White CC.  A descriptive epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity . Public Health Rep . 1985;;100:147-158.
15 +
Folsom AR, Cook TC, Sprafka JM, Burke GL, Norsted SW, Jacobs DR.  Differences in leisure-time physical activity levels between blacks and whites in population-based samples: the Minnesota Heart Survey . J Behav Med . 1991;;14:1-9.
16 +
Shea S, Stein AD, Basch CE, et al.  Independent associations of educational attainment and ethnicity with behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease . Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;134:567-582.
17 +
Washburn RA, Kline G, Lackland DT, Wheeler FC.  Leisure time physical activity: are there black/white differences? Prev Med . 1992;;21: 127-135.
18 +
Wilson Sporting Goods Co. The Wilson Report: Moms, Dads, Daughters and Sports . River Grove, Ill: Wilson Sporting Good Co; 1988;.
19 +
Sallis JF, Condon SA, Goggin KJ, Roby JJ, Kolody B, Alcaraz JE. The development of self-administered physical activity surveys for fourth grade students. Res Q Exerc Sport. In press.
20 +
Sallis JF, Buono MJ, Roby JJ, Carlson D, Nelson JA.  The Caltrac accelerometer as a physical activity monitor for school-age children . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1990;;22:698-703.
21 +
Institute for Aerobics Research. FITNESSGRAM User's Manual . Dallas, Tex: Institute for Aerobics Research; 1987;.
22 +
Buono MJ, Roby JJ, Micale FJ, Sallis JF, Shepard WE.  Validity and reliability of predicting maximum oxygen uptake via field tests in children and adolescents . Pediatr Exerc Sci . 1991;;3:250-255.
23 +
Godin G, Shephard RJ.  A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community . Can J Appl Sport Sci . 1985;;10:141-146.
24 +
Pate RR, Dowda M, Ross JG.  Associations between physical activity and physical fitness in American children . AJDC . 1990;;144:1123-1129.
25 +
Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Buono MJ, Nader PR.  Relation of cardiovascular fitness and physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adults . Am J Epidemiol . 1988;;127:933-941.
26 +
Simons-Morton BG, O'Hara NM, Parcel GS, Huang IW, Baranowski T, Wilson B.  Children's frequency of participation in moderate to vigorous physical activities . Res Q Exerc Sport . 1990;;61:307-314.
27 +
Shah M, Jeffery RW.  Is obesity due to overeating and inactivity, or to a defective metabolic rate: a review . Ann Behav Med . 1991;;13:73-81.

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