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September 1990, Vol 144, No. 9 >
Article | September 1990

Effect of Marginal Maternal Zinc Intake on Zinc Absorption and Growth of 3-September-Old Infant Rhesus Monkeys FREE

Bo Lönnerdal, PhD; Carl L. Keen, PhD; Janet G. Bell, PhD; Mari S. Golub, PhD; Andrew G. Hendrickx, PhD; M. Eric Gershwin, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication February 22, 1990.

Reprint requests to Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 (Dr Lönnerdal).


Am J Dis Child. 1990;144(9):1007-1010. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1990.02150330067023.
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• One compensatory mechanism for marginal zinc intake may be through an enhanced absorption of zinc. Such a compensatory mechanism could be of value to the neonate, as poor zinc nutriture during early life has severe consequences on growth and development. We studied the uptake of zinc by 3-month-old infant rhesus monkeys born to dams fed control diets(100 μg of zinc per gram of diet or zinc-restricted diets (4μg of zinc per gram of diet). Zinc uptake/retention was studied by feeding 3-month-old infant monkeys that had fasted an infant formula containing zinc 65 by gavage. Whole body radioactivity was counted immediately after intubation and on days 10 and 17 after intubation. Regardless of dietary group, 65zinc retention was high, ranging from 33% to 71% of the dose fed to the monkeys. There were no significant differences between the two dietary groups in the percentage of zinc retention at days 10 and 17. Independent of the dietary group, there was no correlation between plasma zinc and zinc absorption. A positive correlation was found between weight gain and zinc retention in the marginal zinc infants, while a negative correlation between weight gain and zinc retention was observed in the control infants. These observations suggest that the mechanisms underlying growth may be different in infants born to dams fed control vs marginal zinc diets.

(AJDC. 1990;144:1007-1010)

REFERENCES

1 +
Keen CL, Hurley LS.  Zinc and reproduction: effects of deficiency on foetal and postnatal development . In: Mills CF, ed. Zinc in Human Biology . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1989;.
2 +
Hurley LS.  Teratogenic aspects of manganese, zinc, and copper nutrition . Physiol Rev . 1981;;61:249-295.
3 +
Chandra RK, Au B.  Single nutrient deficiency and cell-mediated immune responses, I: zinc . Am J Clin Nutr . 1980;;33:735-738.
4 +
Prasad AS.  Deficiency of zinc in man and its toxicity . In: Prasad AS, ed. Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1976;.
5 +
Moynahan EJ.  Acrodermatitis enteropathica: a lethal inherited human zinc-deficiency disorder . Lancet . 1974;;2:399-400.
6 +
Hambidge KM, Hambidge C, Jacobs MA, Baum JD.  Low levels of zinc in hair, anorexia, poor growth and hypoguesia in children . Pediatr Res . 1972;;6:868-874.
7 +
Walravens PA, Hambidge KM.  Growth of infants fed a zinc supplemented formula . Am J Clin Nutr . 1976;;29:1114-1121.
8 +
Hambidge KM, Walravens PA, Casey CE, Brown RM, Bender C.  Plasma zinc concentrations of breast fed infants . J Pediatr . 1979;;94:607-608.
9 +
Walravens PA, Hambidge KM, Koepfer DM.  Zinc supplementation in infants with a nutritional pattern of failure to thrive: a double-blind, controlled study . Pediatrics . 1989;;83:532-538.
10 +
Castro-Magana M, Collipp PJ, Chem SY, Cheruvanky T, Maddaiah VT.  Zinc nutritional status, androgens, and growth retardation . AJDC . 1981;;135:322-325.
11 +
Walravens PA, Krebs NF, Hambidge KM.  Linear growth of low income preschool children receiving a zinc supplement . Am J Clin Nutr . 1983;;38:195-201.
12 +
Gibson RS, Vanderkooy PDS, MacDonald AC, Goldman A, Ryan BA, Berry M.  A growthlimiting mild zinc-deficiency syndrome in some Southern Ontario boys with low height percentiles . Am J Clin Nutr . 1989;;49:1266-1273.
13 +
Higashi A, Ikeda T, Uehara I, Matsuda I.  Effect of low-content zinc and copper formula on infant nutrition . Eur J Pediatr . 1982;;138:237-240.
14 +
Vigi V, Chierici R, Osti L, Fagioli F, Rescazzi R.  Serum zinc concentration in exclusively breast-fed infants and in infants fed an adapted formula . Eur J Pediatr . 1984;;142:245-247.
15 +
Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Baly DL, Hendrickx AG.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, I: influence on pregnant dams . Am J Clin Nutr . 1984;;39:265-280.
16 +
Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Baly DL, Hendrickx AG.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, II: pregnancy outcome . Am J Clin Nutr . 1984;;39:879-887.
17 +
Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Saito WY, Hendrickx AG.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, IV: growth of infants in the first year . Am J Clin Nutr . 1984;;40:1192-1202.
18 +
Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG, Saito WY.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys: infant behavior . Am J Clin Nutr . 1984;;42:1229-1239.
19 +
Haynes DC, Gershwin ME, Golub MS, Cheung ATW, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, VI: influence on the immunohematology of infants in the first year . Am J Clin Nutr . 1985;;42:252-262.
20 +
Leek JC, Keen CL, Vogler JB, et al.  Long-term marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, IV: effects on skeletal growth and mineralization . Am J Clin Nutr . 1988;;47:889-895.
21 +
Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1985;. NIH Publication 85-23.
22 +
Sandström B, Keen CL, Lönnerdal B.  An experimental model for studies of zinc availability from milk and infant formulas using extrinsic labeling . Am J Clin Nutr . 1983;;38:420-428.
23 +
Arvidsson B, Cederblad A, Björn-Resmussen E, Sandström B.  A radionuclide technique for studies of zinc absorption in man . Int J Nuclear Med Biol . 1978;;5:104-109.
24 +
Clegg MS, Keen CL, Lönnerdal B, Hurley LS.  Influence of ashing techniques on the analysis of trace elements in animal tissues, I: wet ashing . Biol Trace Element Res . 1981;;3:107-115.
25 +
Keen CL, Lönnerdal B, Golub MS, et al.  Influence of marginal maternal zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcome and infant zinc status in rhesus monkeys . Pediatr Res . 1989;;26:470-477.
26 +
Ziegler EE, Serfass RE, Nelson SE, Figueroa-Colón R, Houk RS, Thompson JJ. Effect of low zinc intake on absorption and excretion of zinc by infants studied with Zn as extrinsic tage. J Nutr. 1989;119. In press.
27 +
Lönnerdal B, Keen CL, Hendrickx AG, Golub MS, Gershwin ME. Influence of dietary zinc and iron on zinc retention in pregnant rhesus monkeys and their infants. Obstet Gynecol. In press.
28 +
Golden BE, Golden MHN.  Plasma zinc, rate of weight gain, and the energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe malnutrition on a cow's milk or soya protein based diet . Am J Clin Nutr . 1981;;34:892-899.
29 +
Golden MHN, Golden BE.  Effect of zinc supplementation on the dietary intake, rate of weight gain, and energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe malnutrition . Am J Clin Nutr . 1981;;34:900-908.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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References

1 +
Keen CL, Hurley LS.  Zinc and reproduction: effects of deficiency on foetal and postnatal development . In: Mills CF, ed. Zinc in Human Biology . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1989;.
2 +
Hurley LS.  Teratogenic aspects of manganese, zinc, and copper nutrition . Physiol Rev . 1981;;61:249-295.
3 +
Chandra RK, Au B.  Single nutrient deficiency and cell-mediated immune responses, I: zinc . Am J Clin Nutr . 1980;;33:735-738.
4 +
Prasad AS.  Deficiency of zinc in man and its toxicity . In: Prasad AS, ed. Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1976;.
5 +
Moynahan EJ.  Acrodermatitis enteropathica: a lethal inherited human zinc-deficiency disorder . Lancet . 1974;;2:399-400.
6 +
Hambidge KM, Hambidge C, Jacobs MA, Baum JD.  Low levels of zinc in hair, anorexia, poor growth and hypoguesia in children . Pediatr Res . 1972;;6:868-874.
7 +
Walravens PA, Hambidge KM.  Growth of infants fed a zinc supplemented formula . Am J Clin Nutr . 1976;;29:1114-1121.
8 +
Hambidge KM, Walravens PA, Casey CE, Brown RM, Bender C.  Plasma zinc concentrations of breast fed infants . J Pediatr . 1979;;94:607-608.
9 +
Walravens PA, Hambidge KM, Koepfer DM.  Zinc supplementation in infants with a nutritional pattern of failure to thrive: a double-blind, controlled study . Pediatrics . 1989;;83:532-538.
10 +
Castro-Magana M, Collipp PJ, Chem SY, Cheruvanky T, Maddaiah VT.  Zinc nutritional status, androgens, and growth retardation . AJDC . 1981;;135:322-325.
11 +
Walravens PA, Krebs NF, Hambidge KM.  Linear growth of low income preschool children receiving a zinc supplement . Am J Clin Nutr . 1983;;38:195-201.
12 +
Gibson RS, Vanderkooy PDS, MacDonald AC, Goldman A, Ryan BA, Berry M.  A growthlimiting mild zinc-deficiency syndrome in some Southern Ontario boys with low height percentiles . Am J Clin Nutr . 1989;;49:1266-1273.
13 +
Higashi A, Ikeda T, Uehara I, Matsuda I.  Effect of low-content zinc and copper formula on infant nutrition . Eur J Pediatr . 1982;;138:237-240.
14 +
Vigi V, Chierici R, Osti L, Fagioli F, Rescazzi R.  Serum zinc concentration in exclusively breast-fed infants and in infants fed an adapted formula . Eur J Pediatr . 1984;;142:245-247.
15 +
Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Baly DL, Hendrickx AG.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, I: influence on pregnant dams . Am J Clin Nutr . 1984;;39:265-280.
16 +
Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Baly DL, Hendrickx AG.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, II: pregnancy outcome . Am J Clin Nutr . 1984;;39:879-887.
17 +
Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Saito WY, Hendrickx AG.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, IV: growth of infants in the first year . Am J Clin Nutr . 1984;;40:1192-1202.
18 +
Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG, Saito WY.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys: infant behavior . Am J Clin Nutr . 1984;;42:1229-1239.
19 +
Haynes DC, Gershwin ME, Golub MS, Cheung ATW, Hurley LS, Hendrickx AG.  Studies of marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, VI: influence on the immunohematology of infants in the first year . Am J Clin Nutr . 1985;;42:252-262.
20 +
Leek JC, Keen CL, Vogler JB, et al.  Long-term marginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys, IV: effects on skeletal growth and mineralization . Am J Clin Nutr . 1988;;47:889-895.
21 +
Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1985;. NIH Publication 85-23.
22 +
Sandström B, Keen CL, Lönnerdal B.  An experimental model for studies of zinc availability from milk and infant formulas using extrinsic labeling . Am J Clin Nutr . 1983;;38:420-428.
23 +
Arvidsson B, Cederblad A, Björn-Resmussen E, Sandström B.  A radionuclide technique for studies of zinc absorption in man . Int J Nuclear Med Biol . 1978;;5:104-109.
24 +
Clegg MS, Keen CL, Lönnerdal B, Hurley LS.  Influence of ashing techniques on the analysis of trace elements in animal tissues, I: wet ashing . Biol Trace Element Res . 1981;;3:107-115.
25 +
Keen CL, Lönnerdal B, Golub MS, et al.  Influence of marginal maternal zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcome and infant zinc status in rhesus monkeys . Pediatr Res . 1989;;26:470-477.
26 +
Ziegler EE, Serfass RE, Nelson SE, Figueroa-Colón R, Houk RS, Thompson JJ. Effect of low zinc intake on absorption and excretion of zinc by infants studied with Zn as extrinsic tage. J Nutr. 1989;119. In press.
27 +
Lönnerdal B, Keen CL, Hendrickx AG, Golub MS, Gershwin ME. Influence of dietary zinc and iron on zinc retention in pregnant rhesus monkeys and their infants. Obstet Gynecol. In press.
28 +
Golden BE, Golden MHN.  Plasma zinc, rate of weight gain, and the energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe malnutrition on a cow's milk or soya protein based diet . Am J Clin Nutr . 1981;;34:892-899.
29 +
Golden MHN, Golden BE.  Effect of zinc supplementation on the dietary intake, rate of weight gain, and energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe malnutrition . Am J Clin Nutr . 1981;;34:900-908.

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