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June 1990, Vol 144, No. 6 >
Article | June 1990

Violent Death and Injury in US Children and Adolescents FREE

Katherine K. Christoffel, MD, MPH
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication January 11, 1990.

Reprint requests to Division of General and Emergency Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Box 46, Chicago, IL 60614 (Dr Christoffel).


Am J Dis Child. 1990;144(6):697-706. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1990.02150300095025.
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• Violence, including homicide, child abuse and neglect, and assault by peers and others, causes over 2000 deaths a year to US children aged 0 to 19 years. Homicide is a leading cause of death for US children and adolescents, and so a major cause of years of potential life lost. Infantile and adolescent patterns of homicide are recognized: child abuse by parents characterizes the former; gunshots and other assaults by peers characterize the latter. Nonfatal violent injury is far more prevalent than the fatalities. Reliable estimates indicate that each year close to 1 million female adolescents are sexually assaulted, and more than 1.5 million children and adolescents are abused by the adults responsible for them. Adolescents experience violent crimes at extremely high rates. Risk factors for violent injury are recognized. The most consistent include male sex (except for sexual abuse) and urban residence. Despite the toll of violence, surprisingly little is known about its origins and means to prevent it. The only prevention approach that has been both well evaluated and of apparent benefit is the home health visitor for prevention of child abuse in infants of young, impoverished, unmarried primiparous women. Many other approaches are plausible, promising, and/or being implemented, and these require thorough trial and evaluation. Research on numerous aspects of the precursors and correlates of violence against children is also needed.

(AJDC. 1990;144:697-706)

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Christoffel KK.  Homicide in childhood: a public health problem in need of attention . Am J Public Health . 1984;;74:68-70.
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Hoekelman RA, Pless IB.  Decline in mortality among young Americans during the 20th century: prospects for reaching the national mortality reduction goals for 1990 . Pediatrics . 1988;;82:582-595.
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O'Carroll PW.  Homicides among black males 15-24 years of age, 1970-1984 . MMWR . 1988;;37 ( (SS-1) ):53-60.
9 +
Christoffel KK, Anzinger NK, Amari M.  Homicide in childhood: distinguishable patterns of risk related to developmental levels in victims . Am J Forensic Med Pathol . 1983;;4:129-137.
10 +
Christoffel KK, Anzinger NK, Merrill DA.  Age-related patterns of child death, Cook County, Illinois, 1977 through 1982 . AJDC . 1989;;143:1403-1409.
11 +
Tardiff K, Gross EM, Messner SF.  A study of homicides in Manhattan, 1981 . Am J Public Health. 1986;;76:139-143.
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Christoffel KK, Christoffel T.  Handguns as a pediatric problem . Pediatr Emerg Care . 1986;;2:75-81.
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Jason J.  Child homicide spectrum . AJDC . 1983;;137:573-581.
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Jason J, Gilliland JC, Tyler CW.  Homicide as a cause of pediatric mortality in the United States . Pediatrics . 1983;;72:191-197.
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Ordog GJ, Wasserberger J, Schatz I, et al.  Gunshot wounds in children under 10 years of age . AJDC . 1988;;142:618-622.
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Richards IDG, McIntosh HT.  Confidential inquiry into 226 consecutive infant deaths . Arch Dis Child . 1972;;47:697-706.
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Kukull WA, Peterson DR.  Sudden infant death and infanticide . Am J Epidemiol . 1977;;10: 485-486.
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Peterson DR, Chinn NM, Fisher LD.  The sudden infant death syndrome: repetitions in families . J Pediatr . 1980;;97:265-267.
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Rosen CL, Frost JD, Bricker T, Tarnow JD, Gillette PC, Dunlavy S.  Two siblings with recurrent cardiorespiratory arrest: Munchausen syndrome by proxy or child abuse? Pediatrics . 1983;;71:715-720.
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Roberts J, Golding J, Keeling J, Sutton B, Lynch M.  Is there a link between cot death and child abuse? Br Med J . 1984;;289:789-791.
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Ingens LM, Skiaerven R, Peterson DR.  Prospective assessment of recurrent risk in sudden infant death syndrome siblings . J Pediatr . 1984;;104:349-351.
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Emery JL.  Infanticide, filicide, and cot death . Arch Dis Child . 1985;;60:505-507.
36 +
Geehold GC, Pemberton PJ.  SIDS: seizures or esophageal reflux? Med J Aust . 1985;;143:357-358.
37 +
Wayte DM.  Smothering, suffocation, and cot deaths . Lancet . 1985;;1:114.
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Bass M, Kravath RE, Glass L.  Death scene investigation in sudden infant death . N Engl J Med . 1986;;315:100-105.
39 +
Emery JL.  Families in which two or more cot deaths have occurred . Lancet . 1986;;1:313-315.
40 +
Berger D.  Child abuse simulating near-miss sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr . 1987;;95: 554-578.
41 +
Loftin C, Hill RH.  Regional subculture and homicide: an examination of the Gastil-Hackney thesis . Am Sociol Rev . 1974;;39:714-724.
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Williams KR.  Economic sources of homicide: reestimating the effects of poverty and inequality . Am Sociol Rev . 1984;;49:283-298.
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Centerwall BS.  Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide: Atlanta, 1971-72 . Am J Public Health . 1984;;74:813-815.
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Messner SF.  Poverty, inequality, and the urban homicide rate: some unexpected findings . Criminology . 1982;;20:103-114.
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Block CR. Homicide in Chicago: Urban Insights Series No. 14 . Chicago, Ill: Loyola University of Chicago, Center for Urban Policy; 1987;.
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Wintemute GJ, Teret SP, Kraus JF.  The epidemiology of firearm deaths among residents of California . West J Med . 1987;;146:374-377.
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Wintemute GJ.  Firearms as a cause of death in the United States, 1920-1982 . J Trauma . 1987;; 27:532-536.
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Robertson LS. Injuries . Lexington, Mass: D. C. Heath & Co; 1983;.
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Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Bloch H.  Abandonment, infanticide, and filicide: an overview of inhumanity to children . AJDC . 1988;;142:1058-1060.
2 +
Christoffel KK, Liu K, Stamler J.  Epidemiology of fatal child abuse: international mortality data . J Chronic Dis . 1981;;34:57-64.
3 +
Christoffel KK, Liu K.  Homicide death rates in childhood in 23 developed countries: US rates atypically high . Child Abuse Negl . 1983;;7:339-345.
4 +
American Academy of Pediatrics,  Committee On Accident and Poison Prevention . Injury Control for Children and Youth . Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1987;.
5 +
Christoffel KK.  Homicide in childhood: a public health problem in need of attention . Am J Public Health . 1984;;74:68-70.
6 +
Centers for Disease Control,  Biometrics Branch and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Injury Epidemiology and Control, Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control. Premature mortality due to homicides: U.S., 1968-1985 . MMWR . 1988;;37:543-545.
7 +
Hoekelman RA, Pless IB.  Decline in mortality among young Americans during the 20th century: prospects for reaching the national mortality reduction goals for 1990 . Pediatrics . 1988;;82:582-595.
8 +
O'Carroll PW.  Homicides among black males 15-24 years of age, 1970-1984 . MMWR . 1988;;37 ( (SS-1) ):53-60.
9 +
Christoffel KK, Anzinger NK, Amari M.  Homicide in childhood: distinguishable patterns of risk related to developmental levels in victims . Am J Forensic Med Pathol . 1983;;4:129-137.
10 +
Christoffel KK, Anzinger NK, Merrill DA.  Age-related patterns of child death, Cook County, Illinois, 1977 through 1982 . AJDC . 1989;;143:1403-1409.
11 +
Tardiff K, Gross EM, Messner SF.  A study of homicides in Manhattan, 1981 . Am J Public Health. 1986;;76:139-143.
12 +
Christoffel KK, Christoffel T.  Handguns as a pediatric problem . Pediatr Emerg Care . 1986;;2:75-81.
13 +
Jason J.  Child homicide spectrum . AJDC . 1983;;137:573-581.
14 +
Jason J, Gilliland JC, Tyler CW.  Homicide as a cause of pediatric mortality in the United States . Pediatrics . 1983;;72:191-197.
15 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Child homicide: United States . MMWR . 1982;;31:292-294.
16 +
Copeland AR.  Homicide in childhood: the Metro-Dade County experience from 1956-1982 . Am J Forensic Med Pathol . 1985;;6:21-24.
17 +
Krugman RD.  Fatal child abuse: analysis of 24 cases . Pediatrician . 1983-1985;;12:68-72.
18 +
Emerick ST, Foster LR, Campbell DT.  Risk factors for traumatic infant death in Oregon: 1973-1982 . Pediatrics . 1986;;77:518-522.
19 +
Abel EL.  Childhood homicide in Erie County, N.Y. Pediatrics . 1986;;77:709-713.
20 +
Paulson JA, Rushforth NB.  Violent death in children in a metropolitan county; changing patterns of homicide: 1958-1982 . Pediatrics . 1986;;78: 1013-1020.
21 +
Martinez L. Illinois Child Fatalities: A Three Year Statistical Profile . Springfield, Ill: Illinois Department of Children and Family Services; 1987;.
22 +
National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse Briefing Packet . First National Symposium on Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities; (July 14) -15, 1987;; Chicago, Ill.
23 +
High Risk Factors Associated With Child Maltreatment Fatalities: Final Report to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect . New York, NY: Mayor's Task Force on Child Abuse and Neglect; (January) 1987;. Final report to the Department of Health and Human Services.
24 +
Nersesian WS, Petit MR, Shaper R, Lemieux D, Naor E.  Childhood death and poverty: a study of all childhood deaths in Maine, 1976-1980 . Pediatrics . 1985;;75:41-50.
25 +
Muscat JE.  Characteristics of childhood homicide in Ohio, 1974-1984 . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:822-824.
26 +
Lapidus G. Child homicide in Connecticut. Presented at the Conference of New England Network to Prevent Childhood Injuries; June 23, 1987; Boston, Mass.
27 +
Sommer P, Martinez L. Etiology of Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities . Springfield, Ill: Illinois Dept of Children and Family Services, Office of Quality Assurance, Division of Child Welfare and Protective Services; (February 15) , 1989;.
28 +
Ordog GJ, Wasserberger J, Schatz I, et al.  Gunshot wounds in children under 10 years of age . AJDC . 1988;;142:618-622.
29 +
Richards IDG, McIntosh HT.  Confidential inquiry into 226 consecutive infant deaths . Arch Dis Child . 1972;;47:697-706.
30 +
Kukull WA, Peterson DR.  Sudden infant death and infanticide . Am J Epidemiol . 1977;;10: 485-486.
31 +
Peterson DR, Chinn NM, Fisher LD.  The sudden infant death syndrome: repetitions in families . J Pediatr . 1980;;97:265-267.
32 +
Rosen CL, Frost JD, Bricker T, Tarnow JD, Gillette PC, Dunlavy S.  Two siblings with recurrent cardiorespiratory arrest: Munchausen syndrome by proxy or child abuse? Pediatrics . 1983;;71:715-720.
33 +
Roberts J, Golding J, Keeling J, Sutton B, Lynch M.  Is there a link between cot death and child abuse? Br Med J . 1984;;289:789-791.
34 +
Ingens LM, Skiaerven R, Peterson DR.  Prospective assessment of recurrent risk in sudden infant death syndrome siblings . J Pediatr . 1984;;104:349-351.
35 +
Emery JL.  Infanticide, filicide, and cot death . Arch Dis Child . 1985;;60:505-507.
36 +
Geehold GC, Pemberton PJ.  SIDS: seizures or esophageal reflux? Med J Aust . 1985;;143:357-358.
37 +
Wayte DM.  Smothering, suffocation, and cot deaths . Lancet . 1985;;1:114.
38 +
Bass M, Kravath RE, Glass L.  Death scene investigation in sudden infant death . N Engl J Med . 1986;;315:100-105.
39 +
Emery JL.  Families in which two or more cot deaths have occurred . Lancet . 1986;;1:313-315.
40 +
Berger D.  Child abuse simulating near-miss sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr . 1987;;95: 554-578.
41 +
Loftin C, Hill RH.  Regional subculture and homicide: an examination of the Gastil-Hackney thesis . Am Sociol Rev . 1974;;39:714-724.
42 +
Williams KR.  Economic sources of homicide: reestimating the effects of poverty and inequality . Am Sociol Rev . 1984;;49:283-298.
43 +
Centerwall BS.  Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide: Atlanta, 1971-72 . Am J Public Health . 1984;;74:813-815.
44 +
Messner SF.  Poverty, inequality, and the urban homicide rate: some unexpected findings . Criminology . 1982;;20:103-114.
45 +
Block CR. Homicide in Chicago: Urban Insights Series No. 14 . Chicago, Ill: Loyola University of Chicago, Center for Urban Policy; 1987;.
46 +
Baker SP, O'Neill B, Karpf RS. The Injury Fact Book . Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books; 1984;.
47 +
Wintemute GJ, Teret SP, Kraus JF.  The epidemiology of firearm deaths among residents of California . West J Med . 1987;;146:374-377.
48 +
Wintemute GJ.  Firearms as a cause of death in the United States, 1920-1982 . J Trauma . 1987;; 27:532-536.
49 +
Robertson LS. Injuries . Lexington, Mass: D. C. Heath & Co; 1983;.
50 +
Straus MA, Gelles RJ, Steinmetz SK. Behind Closed Doors . New York, NY: Anchor Press; 1980;.
51 +
Gelles RJ, Straus MA. Intimate Violence . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Inc Publishers; 1988;.
52 +
Price JH, Desmond SM.  The missing children issue: a preliminary examination of fifth-grade students'perceptions . AJDC . 1987;;141:811-815.
53 +
Bergman AB.  The business of missing children . Pediatrics . 1986;;77:119-121.
54 +
Jenny C.  Adolescent risk-taking behavior and the occurrence of sexual assault . AJDC . 1988;;142:770-772.
55 +
Ageton SS. Sexual Assaults Among Adolescents . Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books; 1983;.
56 +
Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1985 . Washington, DC: US Dept of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics; (May) 1987;. Publication NCJ-104273.
57 +
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