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February 1990, Vol 144, No. 2 >
Article | February 1990

Respiratory Pattern Abnormalities and Prenatal Cocaine Exposure FREE

CARL E. HUNT, MD
Am J Dis Child. 1990;144(2):138-139. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1990.02150260016005.
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Sir.—We recently reported an increased incidence of respiratory pattern abnormalities in infants with prenatal cocaine exposure.1 A deficient sleep arousal response to asphyxia may be a fundamental abnormality2,3 in infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome, and at least part of the interrelationship among intrauterine cocaine exposure, subsequent cardiorespiratory pattern abnormalities, and risk for sudden infant death syndrome may be deficient arousal responsiveness.

In the "Comment" section, we suggested a possible relationship among prenatal cocaine exposure, norepinephrine, and the locus coeruleus, the putative center of arousal in the brain stem. Specific references are now available that discuss in full detail the hypothesis originally proposed by Gingras and Weese-Mayer4 that cocaine-induced alterations in norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus may be secondary to an effect on neural transmitter homeostasis. Furthermore, this hypothesis is now being tested in an animal model5 and in a human model.6

REFERENCES

1 +
Chasnoff IJ, Hunt CE, Kletter R, Kaplan D.  Prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with respiratory pattern abnormalities . AJDC . 1989;; 143:583-587.
2 +
Hunt CE, Brouillette RT.  Apnea and sudden infant death syndrome: 1987 perspective . J Pediatr . 1987;;110:669-678.
3 +
Hunt CE.  Impaired arousal from sleep: relationship to sudden infant death syndrome . J Perinatol . 1989;;9:184-187.
4 +
Gingras JL, Weese-Mayer DE. Maternal cocaine addiction, II: an animal model for the study of brainstem mechanisms operative in sudden infant death syndrome. Med Hypotheses. In press.
5 +
Weese-Mayer DE, Klemka-Walden LM, Gingras JL, Brouillette RT.  Effects of in utero cocaine exposure on postnatal respiration in the newborn rabbit . Pediatr Res . 1989;;25:331A.
6 +
Gingras JL, O'Donnell KJ, Hume RF Jr. Maternal cocaine addiction and fetal behavioral state, I: a human model for the study of sudden infant death syndrome. Med Hypotheses. In press.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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References

1 +
Chasnoff IJ, Hunt CE, Kletter R, Kaplan D.  Prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with respiratory pattern abnormalities . AJDC . 1989;; 143:583-587.
2 +
Hunt CE, Brouillette RT.  Apnea and sudden infant death syndrome: 1987 perspective . J Pediatr . 1987;;110:669-678.
3 +
Hunt CE.  Impaired arousal from sleep: relationship to sudden infant death syndrome . J Perinatol . 1989;;9:184-187.
4 +
Gingras JL, Weese-Mayer DE. Maternal cocaine addiction, II: an animal model for the study of brainstem mechanisms operative in sudden infant death syndrome. Med Hypotheses. In press.
5 +
Weese-Mayer DE, Klemka-Walden LM, Gingras JL, Brouillette RT.  Effects of in utero cocaine exposure on postnatal respiration in the newborn rabbit . Pediatr Res . 1989;;25:331A.
6 +
Gingras JL, O'Donnell KJ, Hume RF Jr. Maternal cocaine addiction and fetal behavioral state, I: a human model for the study of sudden infant death syndrome. Med Hypotheses. In press.

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