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October 1989, Vol 143, No. 10 >
Article | October 1989

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Among Adolescents:  Case Surveillance Profiles in New York City and the Rest of the United States FREE

Sten H. Vermund, MD, MSc; Karen Hein, MD; Helene D. Gayle, MD, MPH; Joan M. Cary, MPH; Pauline A. Thomas, MD; Ernest Drucker, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication March 27, 1989.

Reprint requests to Epidemiology Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6003 Executive Blvd, Room 240P, Bethesda, MD 20892 (Dr Vermund).


Am J Dis Child. 1989;143(10):1220-1225. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1989.02150220128032.
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• Adolescents engaging in certain sexual or drug-related behavior are at risk of contracting the human immunodeficiency virus infection in endemic locales. Local and national surveillance data were analyzed to determine the characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic on adolescents. Of the 605 cases of AIDS in people aged 13 to 21 years reported through 1987, 518 were males (83 from New York City [NYC], NY), and 87 were females (28 from NYC). Over half of all adolescent males with AIDS reported homosexual contact. Transfusion/blood product-related human immunodeficiency virus acquisitions (especially in males with hemophilia) represented 11% of adolescent cases from NYC (1% of NYC adults) and 22% of adolescent cases in the United States (US) outside of NYC (4% of adults in the US). Intravenous drug use was more frequently reported among adolescents with AIDS from NYC (23%) than among adolescents outside NYC (14%). In females, heterosexual transmission accounts for about half of all adolescent AIDS cases and 29% of all adult cases. Age-appropriate services and behavioral interventions are urgently needed for high-risk adolescents.

(AJDC. 1989;143:1220-1225)

REFERENCES

1 +
Centers for Disease Control. AIDS Weekly Surveillance Report, United States . Atlanta, Ga: CDC AIDS Program; (July 5) , 1988;.
2 +
Hein K.  AIDS in adolescents: a rationale for concern . NY State J Med . 1987;;87:290-295.
3 +
Hein K, Hurst M.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in adolescence: a rationale for action . Adolesc Pediatr Gynecol . 1988;;1:73-82.
4 +
Adams GR, Gullotta T, Clancy MA.  Homeless adolescents: a descriptive study of similarities and differences between runaways and throwaways . Adolescence . 1985;;20:715-724.
5 +
Caton CL.  The homeless experience in adolescent years . New Dir Ment Health Serv . 1986;;30:63-70.
6 +
Weisberg DK. Children of the Night: A Study of Adolescent Prostitution . Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books;1985;.
7 +
Alexander-Rodriguez T, Vermund SH.  Gonorrhea and syphilis in incarcerated urban adolescents: prevalence and physical signs . Pediatrics . 1987;;80:561-564.
8 +
Hein K, Cohen MI, Marks A, Schonberg SK, Meyer M, McBride A.  Age at first intercourse among homeless adolescent females . J Pediatr . 1978;;93:147-148.
9 +
Drucker E.  AIDS and addiction in New York City . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse . 1986;;12:165-181.
10 +
Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG.  Psychotherapeutic, licit, and illicit use of drugs among adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective . J Adolesc Health Care . 1987;;8:36-51.
11 +
Zenilman J.  Sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual adolescents . J Adolesc Health Care . 1988;;9:129-138.
12 +
Sorenson RC. Adolescent Sexuality in Contemporary America . New York, NY: World Publishing Co; 1973;:180-280.
13 +
 National Research Council (US) Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Bearing . In: Hayes CD, ed. Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Child Bearing . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1987;:33-74, 95-121.
14 +
Zelnik M, Kantner JF.  Sexual activity, contraceptive use and pregnancy among metropolitan-area teenagers: 1971-1979 . Fam Plann Perspect . 1980;;12:230-237.
15 +
Hofferth SL, Kahn JR, Baldwin W.  Premarital sexual activity among U.S. teenage women over the past three decades . Fam Plann Perspect . 1987;;19:46-53.
16 +
Bell TA, Hein K.  Adolescents and sexually transmitted diseases . In: Holmes KK, ed. Sexually Transmitted Diseases . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International Book Co; 1984;:73-84.
17 +
Friedland GH, Klein RS.  Transmission of the human immunodeficiency syndrome . N Engl J Med . 1987;;317:1125-1135.
18 +
Holmberg SD, Stewart JA, Gerber AR, et al.  Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV infection . JAMA . 1988;; 259:1048-1050.
19 +
Adams EH, Gfroerer JC, Rouse BA, Kozel NJ.  Trends in prevalence and consequences of cocaine use . Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse . 1986;;6:49-71.
20 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States: a review of current knowledge . MMWR . 1987;; 36( (suppl) ).
21 +
Drucker E, Vermund SH.  Estimating population prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in urban areas with high rates of intravenous drug use: a model of the Bronx in 1988 . Am J Epidemiol . 1989;;130:133-142.
22 +
New York City Department of Health AIDS Surveillance Unit. AIDS Surveillance Update . (September 28) , 1988;.
23 +
Milberg J, Thomas P, Stoneburner R.  Geographic and demographic features of the AIDS epidemic in New York City . NY State J Med . 1988;;88:227-232.
24 +
Novick LF, Truman BI, Lehman JS.  The epidemiology of HIV in New York State . NY State J Med . 1988;;88:242-246.
25 +
Lange WR, Snyder FR, Lozovsky D, Kaistha V, Kaczaniuk MA, Jaffe JH.  Geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus markers in parenteral drug abusers . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:443-446.
26 +
Manoff SB, Rogers MF, D'Angelo LJ, Dondaro TJ.  The epidemiology of AIDS in adolescents and young adults . J Adolesc Health Care . 1987;;8:307.
27 +
Gayle H, Rogers M, Manoff S, Starcher E. Demographic and sexual transmission differences between adolescent and adult AIDS patients. In: Program and abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on AIDS; June 13-14, 1988; Stockholm, Sweden. Abstract 8038.
28 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . MMWR . 1987;; 36 ( (suppl) ):1-15.
29 +
New York City Department of Health AIDS Surveillance.  The AIDS epidemic in New York City: 1981-1984 . Am J Epidemiol . 1986;;123:1013-1025.
30 +
Chamberland ME, Allen JR, Monroe JM, et al.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in New York City: evaluation of an active surveillance system . JAMA . 1985;;254:383-387.
31 +
Fleiss JL. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions . 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1981;:19-32.
32 +
Burke DS, Brundage JF, Herbold JR, et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus infections among civilian applicants for United States military service, October 1985 to March 1986: demographic factors associated with seropositivity . N Engl J Med . 1987;;317:131-136.
33 +
Brundage JF, Burke DS, Gardner LI, et al.  HIV infection among young adults in the New York City area: prevalence and incidence estimates based on antibody screening among civilian applicants for military service . NY State J Med . 1988;;88:232-235.
34 +
Modesitt SK, Hulman S, Fleming D. Active AIDS surveillance in a moderate incidence state. In: Program and abstracts of the 116th annual meeting of the American Public Health Association; November 15, 1988; Boston, Mass. Session 2018:110.
35 +
New York State Department of Health. AIDS in New York City . Albany, NY: New York State Department of Health; 1988;:58.
36 +
Lui KJ, Darrow WW, Rutherford GW III.  A model-based estimate of the mean incubation period for AIDS in homosexual men . Science . 1988;;240;1333-1335.
37 +
Medley GF, Anderson RM, Cox DR, Billard L.  Incubation period of AIDS in patients infected via blood transfusion . Nature . 1987;;328:719-721.
38 +
Aral SO, Schaffer JE, Mosher WD, Cates W Jr.  Gonorrhea rates: what denominator is most appropriate? Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:702-703.
39 +
Rogers MF, Thomas PA, Starcher ET, Noa MC, Bush TJ, Jaffe HW.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children: report of the Centers for Disease Control national surveillance, 1982 to 1985 . Pediatrics . 1987;; 79:1008-1014.
40 +
Kegeles SM, Adler NE, Irwin CE Jr.  Sexually active adolescents and condoms: changes over one year in knowledge, attitudes and use . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:460-461.
41 +
Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG. National trends in drug use and related factors among American high school students and young adults, 1975-1986 . Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1987;. DHHS publication ADM 87-1535.
42 +
DiClemente RJ, Boyer CB, Morales ES.  Minorities and AIDS: knowledge, attitudes, and misconceptions among black and Latino adolescents . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:55-57.
43 +
Reuben N, Hein K, Drucker E, Bauman L, Lauby J, Silver E.  Relationship of high-risk behaviors to AIDS knowledge in adolescent high school students . J Adolesc Health Care . 1988;;9:261.
44 +
Hein K.  Commentary on adolescent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the next wave of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic? J Pediatr . 1989;;114:144-149.
45 +
Becker MH, Joseph JG.  AIDS and behavioral change to reduce risk: a review . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:394-410.
46 +
Cates W Jr, Bowen GS.  Education for AIDS prevention: not our only voluntary weapon . Am J Public Health . 1989;;79:871-874.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Centers for Disease Control. AIDS Weekly Surveillance Report, United States . Atlanta, Ga: CDC AIDS Program; (July 5) , 1988;.
2 +
Hein K.  AIDS in adolescents: a rationale for concern . NY State J Med . 1987;;87:290-295.
3 +
Hein K, Hurst M.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in adolescence: a rationale for action . Adolesc Pediatr Gynecol . 1988;;1:73-82.
4 +
Adams GR, Gullotta T, Clancy MA.  Homeless adolescents: a descriptive study of similarities and differences between runaways and throwaways . Adolescence . 1985;;20:715-724.
5 +
Caton CL.  The homeless experience in adolescent years . New Dir Ment Health Serv . 1986;;30:63-70.
6 +
Weisberg DK. Children of the Night: A Study of Adolescent Prostitution . Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books;1985;.
7 +
Alexander-Rodriguez T, Vermund SH.  Gonorrhea and syphilis in incarcerated urban adolescents: prevalence and physical signs . Pediatrics . 1987;;80:561-564.
8 +
Hein K, Cohen MI, Marks A, Schonberg SK, Meyer M, McBride A.  Age at first intercourse among homeless adolescent females . J Pediatr . 1978;;93:147-148.
9 +
Drucker E.  AIDS and addiction in New York City . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse . 1986;;12:165-181.
10 +
Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG.  Psychotherapeutic, licit, and illicit use of drugs among adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective . J Adolesc Health Care . 1987;;8:36-51.
11 +
Zenilman J.  Sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual adolescents . J Adolesc Health Care . 1988;;9:129-138.
12 +
Sorenson RC. Adolescent Sexuality in Contemporary America . New York, NY: World Publishing Co; 1973;:180-280.
13 +
 National Research Council (US) Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Bearing . In: Hayes CD, ed. Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Child Bearing . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1987;:33-74, 95-121.
14 +
Zelnik M, Kantner JF.  Sexual activity, contraceptive use and pregnancy among metropolitan-area teenagers: 1971-1979 . Fam Plann Perspect . 1980;;12:230-237.
15 +
Hofferth SL, Kahn JR, Baldwin W.  Premarital sexual activity among U.S. teenage women over the past three decades . Fam Plann Perspect . 1987;;19:46-53.
16 +
Bell TA, Hein K.  Adolescents and sexually transmitted diseases . In: Holmes KK, ed. Sexually Transmitted Diseases . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International Book Co; 1984;:73-84.
17 +
Friedland GH, Klein RS.  Transmission of the human immunodeficiency syndrome . N Engl J Med . 1987;;317:1125-1135.
18 +
Holmberg SD, Stewart JA, Gerber AR, et al.  Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV infection . JAMA . 1988;; 259:1048-1050.
19 +
Adams EH, Gfroerer JC, Rouse BA, Kozel NJ.  Trends in prevalence and consequences of cocaine use . Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse . 1986;;6:49-71.
20 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States: a review of current knowledge . MMWR . 1987;; 36( (suppl) ).
21 +
Drucker E, Vermund SH.  Estimating population prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in urban areas with high rates of intravenous drug use: a model of the Bronx in 1988 . Am J Epidemiol . 1989;;130:133-142.
22 +
New York City Department of Health AIDS Surveillance Unit. AIDS Surveillance Update . (September 28) , 1988;.
23 +
Milberg J, Thomas P, Stoneburner R.  Geographic and demographic features of the AIDS epidemic in New York City . NY State J Med . 1988;;88:227-232.
24 +
Novick LF, Truman BI, Lehman JS.  The epidemiology of HIV in New York State . NY State J Med . 1988;;88:242-246.
25 +
Lange WR, Snyder FR, Lozovsky D, Kaistha V, Kaczaniuk MA, Jaffe JH.  Geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus markers in parenteral drug abusers . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:443-446.
26 +
Manoff SB, Rogers MF, D'Angelo LJ, Dondaro TJ.  The epidemiology of AIDS in adolescents and young adults . J Adolesc Health Care . 1987;;8:307.
27 +
Gayle H, Rogers M, Manoff S, Starcher E. Demographic and sexual transmission differences between adolescent and adult AIDS patients. In: Program and abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on AIDS; June 13-14, 1988; Stockholm, Sweden. Abstract 8038.
28 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . MMWR . 1987;; 36 ( (suppl) ):1-15.
29 +
New York City Department of Health AIDS Surveillance.  The AIDS epidemic in New York City: 1981-1984 . Am J Epidemiol . 1986;;123:1013-1025.
30 +
Chamberland ME, Allen JR, Monroe JM, et al.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in New York City: evaluation of an active surveillance system . JAMA . 1985;;254:383-387.
31 +
Fleiss JL. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions . 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1981;:19-32.
32 +
Burke DS, Brundage JF, Herbold JR, et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus infections among civilian applicants for United States military service, October 1985 to March 1986: demographic factors associated with seropositivity . N Engl J Med . 1987;;317:131-136.
33 +
Brundage JF, Burke DS, Gardner LI, et al.  HIV infection among young adults in the New York City area: prevalence and incidence estimates based on antibody screening among civilian applicants for military service . NY State J Med . 1988;;88:232-235.
34 +
Modesitt SK, Hulman S, Fleming D. Active AIDS surveillance in a moderate incidence state. In: Program and abstracts of the 116th annual meeting of the American Public Health Association; November 15, 1988; Boston, Mass. Session 2018:110.
35 +
New York State Department of Health. AIDS in New York City . Albany, NY: New York State Department of Health; 1988;:58.
36 +
Lui KJ, Darrow WW, Rutherford GW III.  A model-based estimate of the mean incubation period for AIDS in homosexual men . Science . 1988;;240;1333-1335.
37 +
Medley GF, Anderson RM, Cox DR, Billard L.  Incubation period of AIDS in patients infected via blood transfusion . Nature . 1987;;328:719-721.
38 +
Aral SO, Schaffer JE, Mosher WD, Cates W Jr.  Gonorrhea rates: what denominator is most appropriate? Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:702-703.
39 +
Rogers MF, Thomas PA, Starcher ET, Noa MC, Bush TJ, Jaffe HW.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children: report of the Centers for Disease Control national surveillance, 1982 to 1985 . Pediatrics . 1987;; 79:1008-1014.
40 +
Kegeles SM, Adler NE, Irwin CE Jr.  Sexually active adolescents and condoms: changes over one year in knowledge, attitudes and use . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:460-461.
41 +
Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG. National trends in drug use and related factors among American high school students and young adults, 1975-1986 . Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1987;. DHHS publication ADM 87-1535.
42 +
DiClemente RJ, Boyer CB, Morales ES.  Minorities and AIDS: knowledge, attitudes, and misconceptions among black and Latino adolescents . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:55-57.
43 +
Reuben N, Hein K, Drucker E, Bauman L, Lauby J, Silver E.  Relationship of high-risk behaviors to AIDS knowledge in adolescent high school students . J Adolesc Health Care . 1988;;9:261.
44 +
Hein K.  Commentary on adolescent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the next wave of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic? J Pediatr . 1989;;114:144-149.
45 +
Becker MH, Joseph JG.  AIDS and behavioral change to reduce risk: a review . Am J Public Health . 1988;;78:394-410.
46 +
Cates W Jr, Bowen GS.  Education for AIDS prevention: not our only voluntary weapon . Am J Public Health . 1989;;79:871-874.

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