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August 1989, Vol 143, No. 8 >
Article | August 1989

Adolescents and Condoms:  Associations of Beliefs With Intentions to Use FREE

Susan M. Kegeles, PhD; Nancy E. Adler, PhD; Charles E. Irwin, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication March 22, 1989.

Reprint requests to Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, 74 New Montgomery, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 (Dr Kegeles).


Am J Dis Child. 1989;143(8):911-915. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1989.02150200063019.
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• Sexually active adolescents should use condoms to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus. This study examined, among male and female adolescents, which beliefs about condoms are associated with intentions to use them if they have coitus in the next year. Teenagers attending adolescent health clinics completed self-administered surveys. Although most adolescents knew that condoms prevent sexually transmitted diseases, an increasing belief in the preventive effects of condoms was not associated with an increased motivation to use them. Instead, other immediate, short-term consequences, such as the ease with which they can be used and discomfort associated with their use, were most strongly associated with adolescents' intentions to use condoms. To encourage condom use, messages from physicians and other health care professionals must focus on adolescents' beliefs that are most likely to encourage or inhibit use of condoms. Health considerations should not be the sole emphasis of such communications if the goal is to increase the use of condoms among sexually active adolescents.

(AJDC. 1989;143:911-915)

REFERENCES

1 +
Cates W, Rauh JL.  Adolescent sexually transmitted diseases: an expanding problem . J Adolesc Health Care . 1985;;6:257-261.
2 +
O'Reilly KR, Aral SO.  Adolescence and sexual behavior: trends and implications for STD . J Adolesc Health Care . 1985;;6:262-272.
3 +
Shafer MA, Sweet RL, Ohm-Smith MJ, Shalwitz J, Beck A, Schachter J.  The microbiology of the lower genital tract of post-menarchal adolescent females: differences by sexual activity, contraception, and presence of nonspecific vaginitis . J Pediatr . 1985;;107:974-981.
4 +
Shafer MA, Prager V, Shalwitz T, et al.  Prevalence of urethral Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea among asymptomatic sexually active adolescent males . J Infect Dis . 1987;;156:223-224.
5 +
Bell TA, Holmes K.  Age-specific risks of syphilis, gonorrhea, and hospitalized pelvic inflammatory disease in sexually experienced US women . Sex Transm Dis . 1984;;11:291-295.
6 +
Centers for Disease Control. AIDS Weekly Surveillance Report . Atlanta, Ga. (December 5) , 1988;.
7 +
Shafer MA, Irwin CE, Jr, Millstein SG.  Sexual activity during adolescence: a review of a high risk behavior and its important interrelationships to other risk behaviors . In: Schinazi RF, Nahmias A, eds. AIDS in Children, Adolescents, and Heterosexual Adults: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Prevention . New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 1988;:329-334.
8 +
Brooks-Gunn J, Boyer CB, Hein K.  Preventing HIV infection and AIDS in children and adolescents . Am Psychol . 1988;;43:958-964.
9 +
Nicholas SW, Sondheimer DL, Willoughby AD, Yaffee SJ, Katz SL.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy: a status report and national research agenda . Pediatrics . 1989;;83:293-308.
10 +
Hein K.  Commentary on adolescent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the next wave of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic? J Pediatr . 1989;;114:144-149.
11 +
Conant M, Hardy D, Sernatinger J, Spicer D, Levy JA.  Condoms prevent transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus . JAMA . 1986;; 55:1706.
12 +
Van de Perre P, Jacobs D, Sprecher-Goldberger S.  The latex condom: an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses . AIDS . 1987;;1:49-52.
13 +
Conant MA, Spicer DW, Smith CD.  Herpes simplex virus transmission: condom studies . Sex Transm Dis . 1984;;11:94-95.
14 +
Smith L Jr, Oleske J, Cooper R, et al.  Efficacy of condoms as barriers to HSV-2 and gonorrhea: an in vitro model . In: Program and Abstracts of the First Sexually Transmitted Diseases World Congress ; (November 15) -21, 1981;; San Juan, Puerto Rico.
15 +
Katznelson S, Drew WL, Mintz L.  Efficacy of the condom as a barrier to the transmission of cytomegalovirus . J Infect Dis . 1984;;150:155-157.
16 +
Minuk GY, Bohme CE, Bowen TJ, et al.  Efficacy of commercial condoms in the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection . Gastroenterology . 1987;;93:710-714.
17 +
Feldblum PJ, Fortney JA.  Condoms, spermicides, and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: a review of the literature . J Public Health . 1988;;78:52-54.
18 +
Koop CE. Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome . Washington, DC: Public Health Service; (October) 1986;. US Department of Health and Human Services.
19 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Additional recommendations to reduce the sexual and drug abuse-related transmission of human T lymphotropic type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus . MMWR . 1986;;35:152-155.
20 +
Fishbein M, Middlestadt SE. Using the theory of reasoned action as framework for understanding and changing AIDS-related behaviors. In: Mays V, Albee GW, Schneider SF, eds. Psychological Approaches to the Prevention of AIDS. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications. In press.
21 +
Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, Attitude, Intentions and Behaviors: An Introduction to Theory and Research . Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co; 1975;.
22 +
Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall International Inc; 1980;.
23 +
Jaccard J, Davidson AR.  Toward an understanding of family planning behaviors: an initial investigation . J Appl Soc Psychol . 1972;;2:228-235.
24 +
Werner PD, Middlestadt SE.  Factors in the use of oral contraceptives by young women . J Appl Soc Psychol . 1979;;9:537-547.
25 +
Adler NE, Kegeles SM, Irwin CE. Understanding adolescent contraceptive choice: an empirical test. Presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association; August 1987; New York, NY.
26 +
Nickerson CA, McClelland GH, Kegeles SM. Contraceptive decision-making: a measurement-theoretic approach . Boulder, Colo: Center for Research on Judgement and Policy, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado, Technical Report, 1985;.
27 +
Cohen J, Cohen P. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1975;.
28 +
Lindemann C. Birth Control and Unmarried Women . New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co Inc; 1974;.
29 +
Zelnik M, Kantner J.  Sexual and contraceptive experiences of young unmarried women in the United States, 1976 and 1971 . Fam Plann Perspect . 1977;;9:55-71.

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References

1 +
Cates W, Rauh JL.  Adolescent sexually transmitted diseases: an expanding problem . J Adolesc Health Care . 1985;;6:257-261.
2 +
O'Reilly KR, Aral SO.  Adolescence and sexual behavior: trends and implications for STD . J Adolesc Health Care . 1985;;6:262-272.
3 +
Shafer MA, Sweet RL, Ohm-Smith MJ, Shalwitz J, Beck A, Schachter J.  The microbiology of the lower genital tract of post-menarchal adolescent females: differences by sexual activity, contraception, and presence of nonspecific vaginitis . J Pediatr . 1985;;107:974-981.
4 +
Shafer MA, Prager V, Shalwitz T, et al.  Prevalence of urethral Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea among asymptomatic sexually active adolescent males . J Infect Dis . 1987;;156:223-224.
5 +
Bell TA, Holmes K.  Age-specific risks of syphilis, gonorrhea, and hospitalized pelvic inflammatory disease in sexually experienced US women . Sex Transm Dis . 1984;;11:291-295.
6 +
Centers for Disease Control. AIDS Weekly Surveillance Report . Atlanta, Ga. (December 5) , 1988;.
7 +
Shafer MA, Irwin CE, Jr, Millstein SG.  Sexual activity during adolescence: a review of a high risk behavior and its important interrelationships to other risk behaviors . In: Schinazi RF, Nahmias A, eds. AIDS in Children, Adolescents, and Heterosexual Adults: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Prevention . New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 1988;:329-334.
8 +
Brooks-Gunn J, Boyer CB, Hein K.  Preventing HIV infection and AIDS in children and adolescents . Am Psychol . 1988;;43:958-964.
9 +
Nicholas SW, Sondheimer DL, Willoughby AD, Yaffee SJ, Katz SL.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy: a status report and national research agenda . Pediatrics . 1989;;83:293-308.
10 +
Hein K.  Commentary on adolescent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the next wave of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic? J Pediatr . 1989;;114:144-149.
11 +
Conant M, Hardy D, Sernatinger J, Spicer D, Levy JA.  Condoms prevent transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus . JAMA . 1986;; 55:1706.
12 +
Van de Perre P, Jacobs D, Sprecher-Goldberger S.  The latex condom: an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses . AIDS . 1987;;1:49-52.
13 +
Conant MA, Spicer DW, Smith CD.  Herpes simplex virus transmission: condom studies . Sex Transm Dis . 1984;;11:94-95.
14 +
Smith L Jr, Oleske J, Cooper R, et al.  Efficacy of condoms as barriers to HSV-2 and gonorrhea: an in vitro model . In: Program and Abstracts of the First Sexually Transmitted Diseases World Congress ; (November 15) -21, 1981;; San Juan, Puerto Rico.
15 +
Katznelson S, Drew WL, Mintz L.  Efficacy of the condom as a barrier to the transmission of cytomegalovirus . J Infect Dis . 1984;;150:155-157.
16 +
Minuk GY, Bohme CE, Bowen TJ, et al.  Efficacy of commercial condoms in the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection . Gastroenterology . 1987;;93:710-714.
17 +
Feldblum PJ, Fortney JA.  Condoms, spermicides, and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: a review of the literature . J Public Health . 1988;;78:52-54.
18 +
Koop CE. Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome . Washington, DC: Public Health Service; (October) 1986;. US Department of Health and Human Services.
19 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Additional recommendations to reduce the sexual and drug abuse-related transmission of human T lymphotropic type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus . MMWR . 1986;;35:152-155.
20 +
Fishbein M, Middlestadt SE. Using the theory of reasoned action as framework for understanding and changing AIDS-related behaviors. In: Mays V, Albee GW, Schneider SF, eds. Psychological Approaches to the Prevention of AIDS. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications. In press.
21 +
Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, Attitude, Intentions and Behaviors: An Introduction to Theory and Research . Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co; 1975;.
22 +
Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall International Inc; 1980;.
23 +
Jaccard J, Davidson AR.  Toward an understanding of family planning behaviors: an initial investigation . J Appl Soc Psychol . 1972;;2:228-235.
24 +
Werner PD, Middlestadt SE.  Factors in the use of oral contraceptives by young women . J Appl Soc Psychol . 1979;;9:537-547.
25 +
Adler NE, Kegeles SM, Irwin CE. Understanding adolescent contraceptive choice: an empirical test. Presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association; August 1987; New York, NY.
26 +
Nickerson CA, McClelland GH, Kegeles SM. Contraceptive decision-making: a measurement-theoretic approach . Boulder, Colo: Center for Research on Judgement and Policy, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado, Technical Report, 1985;.
27 +
Cohen J, Cohen P. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1975;.
28 +
Lindemann C. Birth Control and Unmarried Women . New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co Inc; 1974;.
29 +
Zelnik M, Kantner J.  Sexual and contraceptive experiences of young unmarried women in the United States, 1976 and 1971 . Fam Plann Perspect . 1977;;9:55-71.

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