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February 1989, Vol 143, No. 2 >
Article | February 1989

George Armstrong (1719-1787):  Founder of the First Dispensary for Children FREE

Harry Bloch, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication Oct 27, 1988.

Reprint requests to 49 Crest Dr, South Orange, NJ 07070 (Dr Bloch).


Am J Dis Child. 1989;143(2):239-241. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1989.02150140133035.
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An intractable aspect of human behavior in every stage and structure of society has been inhumanity to children.1-7 England's social form in the 18th century, distinguished by a swiftly accelerating industrial revolution, evidenced human violence toward children in the inordinate incidence of sickly and deformed infants, illegitimacy, an infant mortality that reached 75% before the age of 2 years, abandonment of unwanted infants, and infanticide and a mortality in London's Foundling Home so depressingly high that William Cadogan (1711-1791) proffered his treatise as a guide to better care.7-10

English society in the 18th century included factory and mill owners dehumanized by profit and greed; the aristocracy of blood dehumanized by idleness and frivolity; and the lower classes abandoned to squalor. The cheap and obedient labor—children, women, and men—were forced to work long hours with little rest, comfort, food, or recompense. They suffered poverty, deprivation,

REFERENCES

1 +
Paine GH: The Child in Human Progress . New York, Putnam, 1936;.
2 +
Riches D (ed): The Anthropology of Violence . New York, Basil Blackwell, 1979;.
3 +
Beck J: Infanticide . New York, Seymore, 1817;.
4 +
Mosely KI:  The history of infanticide in Western society . Issues Law Med 1986;;1:345.
5 +
Rotten E: Children, Wars, Victims . Paris, UNESCO, 1949;.
6 +
Lifton RG: The Nazi Doctors . New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1986;.
7 +
Maruki I, Maruki T: The Hiroshima Panels . Tokyo, Nyi Shobo, 1959;.
8 +
Caulfield E: The Infant Welfare Movement in the 18th Century . New York, Hoeber, 1931;.
9 +
Ruhräh J: Pediatrics of the Past . New York, Hoeber, 1925;
10 +
Cadogan W: An Essay Upon Nursing and the Management of Children . London, Horsfield, 1750;.
11 +
Jackson TH: Charles Dickens . New York, International Press, 1981;.
12 +
Engels F: The Condition of the Working Class in England . London, 1892;.
13 +
Belmer GK:  Deadly motherhood, Mid-Victorian England . J Hist Med Allied Sci 1979;;34:403.
14 +
Forbes TR:  Deadly Parents: Child homicide in 18th and 19th century England . J Hist Med Allied Sci 1986;;4:175.
15 +
Maloney WJ: George and John Armstrong of Castleton . Edinburgh, E & S Livingstone, 1954;.
16 +
Maloney WJ:  John and George Armstrong in Edinburgh . Edinburgh Med J 1950;;57:600.
17 +
Maloney WJ:  John and George Armstrong in London . Edinburgh Med J , 1951;, vol 58.
18 +
Caulfield E:  A full view of all the diseases incident to children . Ann Med Hist 1928;;10:409.
19 +
Armstrong J: A Full View of All Diseases Incident to Children . London, Millar, 1742;.
20 +
Harris W: De Morbis Acutis Infantum . London, Smith, 1689;.
21 +
Poynter FNL:  A unique copy of George Armstrong's proposal for establishing the Dispensary for Sick Children, London 1769 . Med Hist 1957;;1:65.
22 +
Armstrong G: A General Account of the Dispensary for the Relief of the Infant Poor . London, Cadell, 1769;.
23 +
Armstrong G: An Essay on Diseases Most Fatal to Infants, to Which Is Added Rules to Be Observed in the Nursing of Children; With a Particular View to Those Who Are Brought up by Hand . London, Cadell, 1803;.
24 +
Still GF: The History of Pediatrics . Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1931;.
25 +
Foote JA:  Pylorospasm . AJDC 1918;;15: 351.
26 +
Blair P:  An account of the dissection of a child . Philosoph Trans Soc 1717;;853:631.
27 +
Underwood M: Treatise on the Diseases of Children With the Directions of the Management of Infants From Birth . London, Mathews, 1789;.
28 +
DeVillebrune JBI: Traité des Maladies des Infants . Paris, Barrois, 1786;.
29 +
Charney E:  George Armstrong: An early activist . AJDC 1974;;128:826.
30 +
Abt-Garrison: History of Pediatrics by Various Authors . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1965;.
31 +
Ruhräh J:  George Armstrong . AJDC 1930;;40:1094-1098.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Paine GH: The Child in Human Progress . New York, Putnam, 1936;.
2 +
Riches D (ed): The Anthropology of Violence . New York, Basil Blackwell, 1979;.
3 +
Beck J: Infanticide . New York, Seymore, 1817;.
4 +
Mosely KI:  The history of infanticide in Western society . Issues Law Med 1986;;1:345.
5 +
Rotten E: Children, Wars, Victims . Paris, UNESCO, 1949;.
6 +
Lifton RG: The Nazi Doctors . New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1986;.
7 +
Maruki I, Maruki T: The Hiroshima Panels . Tokyo, Nyi Shobo, 1959;.
8 +
Caulfield E: The Infant Welfare Movement in the 18th Century . New York, Hoeber, 1931;.
9 +
Ruhräh J: Pediatrics of the Past . New York, Hoeber, 1925;
10 +
Cadogan W: An Essay Upon Nursing and the Management of Children . London, Horsfield, 1750;.
11 +
Jackson TH: Charles Dickens . New York, International Press, 1981;.
12 +
Engels F: The Condition of the Working Class in England . London, 1892;.
13 +
Belmer GK:  Deadly motherhood, Mid-Victorian England . J Hist Med Allied Sci 1979;;34:403.
14 +
Forbes TR:  Deadly Parents: Child homicide in 18th and 19th century England . J Hist Med Allied Sci 1986;;4:175.
15 +
Maloney WJ: George and John Armstrong of Castleton . Edinburgh, E & S Livingstone, 1954;.
16 +
Maloney WJ:  John and George Armstrong in Edinburgh . Edinburgh Med J 1950;;57:600.
17 +
Maloney WJ:  John and George Armstrong in London . Edinburgh Med J , 1951;, vol 58.
18 +
Caulfield E:  A full view of all the diseases incident to children . Ann Med Hist 1928;;10:409.
19 +
Armstrong J: A Full View of All Diseases Incident to Children . London, Millar, 1742;.
20 +
Harris W: De Morbis Acutis Infantum . London, Smith, 1689;.
21 +
Poynter FNL:  A unique copy of George Armstrong's proposal for establishing the Dispensary for Sick Children, London 1769 . Med Hist 1957;;1:65.
22 +
Armstrong G: A General Account of the Dispensary for the Relief of the Infant Poor . London, Cadell, 1769;.
23 +
Armstrong G: An Essay on Diseases Most Fatal to Infants, to Which Is Added Rules to Be Observed in the Nursing of Children; With a Particular View to Those Who Are Brought up by Hand . London, Cadell, 1803;.
24 +
Still GF: The History of Pediatrics . Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1931;.
25 +
Foote JA:  Pylorospasm . AJDC 1918;;15: 351.
26 +
Blair P:  An account of the dissection of a child . Philosoph Trans Soc 1717;;853:631.
27 +
Underwood M: Treatise on the Diseases of Children With the Directions of the Management of Infants From Birth . London, Mathews, 1789;.
28 +
DeVillebrune JBI: Traité des Maladies des Infants . Paris, Barrois, 1786;.
29 +
Charney E:  George Armstrong: An early activist . AJDC 1974;;128:826.
30 +
Abt-Garrison: History of Pediatrics by Various Authors . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1965;.
31 +
Ruhräh J:  George Armstrong . AJDC 1930;;40:1094-1098.

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