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February 1987, Vol 141, No. 2 >
Article | February 1987

Occurrence of Strabismus in Infants Born to Drug-Dependent Women FREE

Leonard B. Nelson, MD; Saundra Ehrlich, MS; Joseph H. Calhoun, MD; Theresa Matteucci; Loretta P. Finnegan, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication Aug 21, 1986.

Reprint requests to Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Ninth and Walnut streets, Philadelphia, PA 19107 (Dr Nelson).


Am J Dis Child. 1987;141(2):175-178. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460020065028.
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• Maternal drug abuse during pregnancy exposes the fetus to the possibility of toxic or addicting effects. At a methadone hydrochloride maintenance program providing medical care to drug-dependent women and their infants, ophthalmologic examinations of all infants born during a 36-month period were performed. Twenty-nine infants prenatally exposed to psychoactive drugs were seen at birth and on follow-up. The 24% prevalence of strabismus found in the drug-exposed infants was significantly greater than that of 2.8% to 5.3% reported in the general population. These data suggest that maternal drug abuse and increased methadone dosage during pregnancy may predispose infants to the development of strabismus.

(AJDC 1987;141:175-178)

REFERENCES

1 +
Wapner RJ, Finnegan LP:  Perinatal aspects of psychotropic drug abuse , in Bolognese RJ, Schwartz RH (eds): Perinatal Medicine: Management of the High Risk Fetus and Neonate , ed 2. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1981;, pp 384-417.
2 +
Finnegan LP:  Effects of maternal opiate abuse on the newborn . Fed Proc 1985;;44:2314-2317.
3 +
Frandsen AD:  Occurrence of squint: A clinical-statistical study on the prevalence of squint and associated signs in different groups and ages of the Danish population . Ada Ophthalmol 1960;; 62:1-158.
4 +
Nordlow W:  Squint: The frequency of onset at different ages and the incidence of some associated defects in a Swedish population . Ada Ophthalmol 1964;;42:1015-1037.
5 +
Graham PA:  Epidemiology of strabismus . Br J Ophthalmol 1974;;58:224-231.
6 +
Kornder LD, Nursey JN, Pratt-Johnson JA, et al:  Detection of manifest strabismus in young children: II. A retrospective study . Am J Ophthalmol 1974;;77:211-214.
7 +
Reinecke RD:  Current concepts in ophthalmology: Strabismus . N Engl J Med 1979;;300: 1139-1141.
8 +
Friedman Z, Neumann E, Hyams SW, et al:  Ophthalmic screening of 38 000 children, age 1 to 2½ years in child welfare clinics . Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1980;;17:261-267.
9 +
Wheeler MB, Parks MM:  Concomitant esodeviations , in Duane TD, Jaeger EA (eds): Clinical Ophthalmology . New York, JB Lippincott, 1985;, pp 1-14.
10 +
Rantakallio P, Krause U, Krause K:  The use of the ophthalmological services during the preschool age: Ocular findings and family background . J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1978;; 15:253-258.
11 +
Meyer MB:  Effects of maternal smoking and attitude on birth weight and gestation , in Reed M, Stanley F (eds): The Epidemiology of Prematurity . Baltimore, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977;, pp 81-104.
12 +
Naeye RL:  Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta . Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978;;85:732-737.
13 +
Finnegan LP:  Smoking and its effect on pregnancy and the newborn , in Harel S, Anastasiou NJ (eds): The At-Risk Infant: Psycho-Socio-Medical Aspects . Baltimore, P H Brookes Publishing Co, 1985;, pp 127-136.
14 +
Chavez CJ, Ostrea EM, Stryker JC, et et al:  Ocular abnormalities in infants as sequalae of prenatal drug addiction, abstracted . Pediatr Res 1979;;13:367.
15 +
Pertschuk LP, Ford DH, Rainford EA:  Localization of methadone in fetal rat eye by the immunofluorescence technic . Exp Eye Res 1977;; 24:547-552.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Wapner RJ, Finnegan LP:  Perinatal aspects of psychotropic drug abuse , in Bolognese RJ, Schwartz RH (eds): Perinatal Medicine: Management of the High Risk Fetus and Neonate , ed 2. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1981;, pp 384-417.
2 +
Finnegan LP:  Effects of maternal opiate abuse on the newborn . Fed Proc 1985;;44:2314-2317.
3 +
Frandsen AD:  Occurrence of squint: A clinical-statistical study on the prevalence of squint and associated signs in different groups and ages of the Danish population . Ada Ophthalmol 1960;; 62:1-158.
4 +
Nordlow W:  Squint: The frequency of onset at different ages and the incidence of some associated defects in a Swedish population . Ada Ophthalmol 1964;;42:1015-1037.
5 +
Graham PA:  Epidemiology of strabismus . Br J Ophthalmol 1974;;58:224-231.
6 +
Kornder LD, Nursey JN, Pratt-Johnson JA, et al:  Detection of manifest strabismus in young children: II. A retrospective study . Am J Ophthalmol 1974;;77:211-214.
7 +
Reinecke RD:  Current concepts in ophthalmology: Strabismus . N Engl J Med 1979;;300: 1139-1141.
8 +
Friedman Z, Neumann E, Hyams SW, et al:  Ophthalmic screening of 38 000 children, age 1 to 2½ years in child welfare clinics . Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1980;;17:261-267.
9 +
Wheeler MB, Parks MM:  Concomitant esodeviations , in Duane TD, Jaeger EA (eds): Clinical Ophthalmology . New York, JB Lippincott, 1985;, pp 1-14.
10 +
Rantakallio P, Krause U, Krause K:  The use of the ophthalmological services during the preschool age: Ocular findings and family background . J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1978;; 15:253-258.
11 +
Meyer MB:  Effects of maternal smoking and attitude on birth weight and gestation , in Reed M, Stanley F (eds): The Epidemiology of Prematurity . Baltimore, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977;, pp 81-104.
12 +
Naeye RL:  Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta . Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978;;85:732-737.
13 +
Finnegan LP:  Smoking and its effect on pregnancy and the newborn , in Harel S, Anastasiou NJ (eds): The At-Risk Infant: Psycho-Socio-Medical Aspects . Baltimore, P H Brookes Publishing Co, 1985;, pp 127-136.
14 +
Chavez CJ, Ostrea EM, Stryker JC, et et al:  Ocular abnormalities in infants as sequalae of prenatal drug addiction, abstracted . Pediatr Res 1979;;13:367.
15 +
Pertschuk LP, Ford DH, Rainford EA:  Localization of methadone in fetal rat eye by the immunofluorescence technic . Exp Eye Res 1977;; 24:547-552.

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