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November 1985, Vol 139, No. 11 >
Article | November 1985

Use of Third-Generation Cephalosporins for Treatment of Neonatal Infections FREE

GEORGE H. McCRACKEN, MD
Am J Dis Child. 1985;139(11):1079-1080. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140130017019.
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The advent of the new third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and moxalactam) has piqued the interest of physicians who care for newborn infants. These new compounds are extraordinarily active against enteric gram-negative bacilli and the following important pathogens: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci), Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. With the exception of cefuroxime, a recently approved second-generation drug, the older cephalosporins have not been used extensively by pediatricians, nor have they been recommended for initial empiric therapy of any infectious condition. The principal reasons for their limited use were relatively poor penetration into cerebrospinal fluid, lack of uniform activity against all strains of H influenzae, and inadequate activity against many strains of gram-negative enteric bacilli.1

The third-generation cephalosporins are different. They are not only active against the major bacterial pathogens of infants and children, but they also achieve excellent cerebrospinal fluid

REFERENCES

1 +
McCracken GH, Nelson JD:  The third generation cephalosporins and the pediatric practitioner , in Nelson JD, McCracken GH: Clinical Reviews in Pediatric Infectious Disease . Toronto, BC Decker Inc, 1985;, pp 79-83.
2 +
McCracken GH, Nelson JD, Grimm L:  Pharmacokinetics and bacteriologic efficacy of cefoperazone, cefuroxime and moxalactam in experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;;21:262-267.
3 +
Sakata Y, Boccazzi A, McCracken GH:  Pharmacokinetics and bacteriological effect of ceftazidime in experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli meningitis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983;;23:213-217.
4 +
Del Rio M, McCracken GH, Nelson JD, et al:  Pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid bactericidal activity of ceftriaxone in the treatment of pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;;22: 622-627.
5 +
Kaplan SL, Mason EO, Mason SK, et al:  Prospective comparative trial of moxalactam versus ampicillin or chloramphenicol for treatment of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in children . J Pediatr 1984;;104:447-452.
6 +
Congeni BL:  Comparison of ceftriaxone and traditional therapy of bacterial meningitis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;;25:40-44.
7 +
Bryan CS, John JF Jr, Pai MS, et al:  Gentamicin vs cefotaxime for therapy of neonatal sepsis: Relationship to drug resistance . AJDC 1985;;139:1086-1089.
8 +
McCracken GH, Threlkeld N, Mize SG, et al:  Moxalactam therapy for neonatal meningitis due to gram-negative enteric bacilli: A prospective controlled evaluation . JAMA 1984;; 252:1427-1432.
9 +
Jacobs RF, Well TG, Steele RW, et al:  A prospective randomized comparison of cefotaxime vs ampicillin and chloramphenicol for bacterial meningitis . J Pediatr 1985;;107:129-133.
10 +
Kafetzis DA, Brater DC, Kapiki AN, et al:  Treatment of severe neonatal infections with cefotaxime: Efficacy and pharmacokinetics . J Pediatr 1982;;100:483-489.
11 +
Lecour H, Seara A, Miranda AM, et al:  Treatment of 160 cases of acute bacterial meningitis with cefotaxime . J Antimicrob Chemother 1984;;14( (suppl) ):195-202.
12 +
Sunakawa K, Akita H, Iwata S, et al:  The influence of cefotaxime on intestinal flora and bleeding diathesis in infants and neonates compared with other β-lactams . J Antimicrob Chemother 1984;;14( (suppl) ):317-324.
13 +
McCracken GH, Siegel JD, Threlkeld N, et al:  Ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics in newborn infants . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983;;23: 341-343.
14 +
Mulligan ME, Citron DM, McNamara BT:  Impact of cefoperazone therapy on fecal flora . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;;22:226-230.
15 +
Sanders CC, Sanders WE:  Microbial resistance to newer generation β-lactam antibiotics: Clinical and laboratory implications . J Infect Dis 1985;;151:399-406.
16 +
McCracken GH:  Changing pattern of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli in neonatal infections . J Pediatr 1972;;78:942-947.
17 +
John JF, McKee MT, Twitty JA, et al:  Molecular epidemiology of sequential nursery epidemics due to multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae . J Pediatr 1983;;102:825-830.
18 +
Busk K, Tanaka SK, Bonner DP, et al:  Resistance caused by decreased penetration of β-lactam antibiotics into Enterobacter cloacae . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;;27:555-560.
19 +
Werner V, Sanders CC, Sanders WE, et al:  Role of β-lactamases and outer membrane proteins in multiple β-lactam resistance of Enterobacter cloacae . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;;27:455-459.
20 +
Vu H, Nikaido H:  Role of β-lactam hydrolysis in the mechanism of resistance of a β-lactamase–constitutive Enterobacter cloacae strain to expanded-spectrum β-lactams . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;;27:393-398.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
McCracken GH, Nelson JD:  The third generation cephalosporins and the pediatric practitioner , in Nelson JD, McCracken GH: Clinical Reviews in Pediatric Infectious Disease . Toronto, BC Decker Inc, 1985;, pp 79-83.
2 +
McCracken GH, Nelson JD, Grimm L:  Pharmacokinetics and bacteriologic efficacy of cefoperazone, cefuroxime and moxalactam in experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;;21:262-267.
3 +
Sakata Y, Boccazzi A, McCracken GH:  Pharmacokinetics and bacteriological effect of ceftazidime in experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli meningitis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983;;23:213-217.
4 +
Del Rio M, McCracken GH, Nelson JD, et al:  Pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid bactericidal activity of ceftriaxone in the treatment of pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;;22: 622-627.
5 +
Kaplan SL, Mason EO, Mason SK, et al:  Prospective comparative trial of moxalactam versus ampicillin or chloramphenicol for treatment of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in children . J Pediatr 1984;;104:447-452.
6 +
Congeni BL:  Comparison of ceftriaxone and traditional therapy of bacterial meningitis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;;25:40-44.
7 +
Bryan CS, John JF Jr, Pai MS, et al:  Gentamicin vs cefotaxime for therapy of neonatal sepsis: Relationship to drug resistance . AJDC 1985;;139:1086-1089.
8 +
McCracken GH, Threlkeld N, Mize SG, et al:  Moxalactam therapy for neonatal meningitis due to gram-negative enteric bacilli: A prospective controlled evaluation . JAMA 1984;; 252:1427-1432.
9 +
Jacobs RF, Well TG, Steele RW, et al:  A prospective randomized comparison of cefotaxime vs ampicillin and chloramphenicol for bacterial meningitis . J Pediatr 1985;;107:129-133.
10 +
Kafetzis DA, Brater DC, Kapiki AN, et al:  Treatment of severe neonatal infections with cefotaxime: Efficacy and pharmacokinetics . J Pediatr 1982;;100:483-489.
11 +
Lecour H, Seara A, Miranda AM, et al:  Treatment of 160 cases of acute bacterial meningitis with cefotaxime . J Antimicrob Chemother 1984;;14( (suppl) ):195-202.
12 +
Sunakawa K, Akita H, Iwata S, et al:  The influence of cefotaxime on intestinal flora and bleeding diathesis in infants and neonates compared with other β-lactams . J Antimicrob Chemother 1984;;14( (suppl) ):317-324.
13 +
McCracken GH, Siegel JD, Threlkeld N, et al:  Ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics in newborn infants . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983;;23: 341-343.
14 +
Mulligan ME, Citron DM, McNamara BT:  Impact of cefoperazone therapy on fecal flora . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;;22:226-230.
15 +
Sanders CC, Sanders WE:  Microbial resistance to newer generation β-lactam antibiotics: Clinical and laboratory implications . J Infect Dis 1985;;151:399-406.
16 +
McCracken GH:  Changing pattern of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli in neonatal infections . J Pediatr 1972;;78:942-947.
17 +
John JF, McKee MT, Twitty JA, et al:  Molecular epidemiology of sequential nursery epidemics due to multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae . J Pediatr 1983;;102:825-830.
18 +
Busk K, Tanaka SK, Bonner DP, et al:  Resistance caused by decreased penetration of β-lactam antibiotics into Enterobacter cloacae . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;;27:555-560.
19 +
Werner V, Sanders CC, Sanders WE, et al:  Role of β-lactamases and outer membrane proteins in multiple β-lactam resistance of Enterobacter cloacae . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;;27:455-459.
20 +
Vu H, Nikaido H:  Role of β-lactam hydrolysis in the mechanism of resistance of a β-lactamase–constitutive Enterobacter cloacae strain to expanded-spectrum β-lactams . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;;27:393-398.

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