0
November 1982, Vol 136, No. 11 >
Article | November 1982

Apnea of Infancy and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome FREE

John G. Brooks, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprints not available.


Am J Dis Child. 1982;136(11):1012-1023. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970470056016.
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References
Comments

• The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of death of infants between the end of the first month and the first year of life. The risk of SIDS is increased in subsequent siblings of infants with SIDS, infants with apnea of infancy (Al), and prematurely born infants. The cause of SIDS is unknown, but much clinical and investigative attention has been directed toward Al as a possible premortem expression of the abnormality that can potentially cause SIDS. Both Al and SIDS probably have multiple different mechanisms. Some infants with Al have been shown to have abnormal control of respiration. This article is intended to summarize the relationship between Al and SIDS and to review the published physiologic studies about Al. I present and discuss a system for evaluation and "treatment" of patients with Al.

(Am J Dis Child 1982;136:1012-1023)

REFERENCES

1 +
Naeye RL:  Sudden infant death . Sci Am 1980;;242:56-62.
2 +
Steinschneider A:  Prolonged apnea and the sudden infant death syndrome: Clinical and laboratory observations . Pediatrics 1972;;50:646-654.
3 +
Shannon DC:  The sudden infant death syndrome . Clin Chest Med 1980;;1:327-337.
4 +
Valdes-Dapena MA:  Sudden infant death syndrome: A review of the medical literature 1974-1979 . Pediatrics 1980;;66:597-613.
5 +
Valdes-Dapena M:  Sudden death in infancy: A report for pathologists . Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1975;;2:1-14.
6 +
Valdes-Dapena MA: Sudden Unexplained Infant Death: 1970 Through 1975 , US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare publication 78-5255, 1978;, p 14.
7 +
Beckwith JB: The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome , US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare publication (HSA) 79-5251, 1979;.
8 +
Brooks JG:  Respiratory tract and mediastinum , in Kempe CH, Silver HK, O'Brien D (eds): Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment , ed 6. Los Altos, Calif, Lange Medical Publications, 1980;, p 316.
9 +
Yount JE, Flanagan WJ, Dingley EF, et al:  Evidence for an exponentially increasing incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) with decreasing birthweight (BW) . Pediatr Res 1979;;13:510.
10 +
Froggatt P, Lynas MA, MacKenzie G:  Epidemiology of sudden unexpected death in infants ('cot death') in Northern Ireland . Br J Prev Soc Med 1971;;25:119.
11 +
Peterson DR, Chinn NM, Fisher LD:  The sudden infant death syndrome: Repetitions in families . J Pediatr 1980;;97:265-267.
12 +
Guntheroth WG:  The significance of pulmonary petechiae in crib death . Pediatrics 1973;;52:601-603.
13 +
Guntheroth WG, Kawabori I, Breazeale DG, et al:  The role of respiratory infection in intrathoracic petechiae . Am J Dis Child 1980;;134:364-366.
14 +
Naeye RL, Fisher R, Rubin R, et al:  Selected hormone levels in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1980;;65: 1134-1136.
15 +
Takashima S, Armstrong D, Becker L, et al:  Cerebral hypoperfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome?: Brain gliosis and vasculature . Ann Neurol 1978;;4:257-262.
16 +
Cole S, Lindenberg LB, Galioto FM Jr, et al:  Ultrastructural abnormalities of the carotid body in sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1979;;63:13-17.
17 +
Fink BR, Beckwith JB:  Laryngeal mucous gland excess in victims of sudden infant death . Am J Dis Child 1980;;134:144-146.
18 +
Arnon SS, Micure TF, Damus K, et al:  Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome . Lancet 1978;;1:1273.
19 +
Sachis PN, Armstrong EL, Becker LE, et al:  The vagus nerve and sudden infant death syndrome: A morphometric study . J Pediatr 1981;;98:278-280.
20 +
Chacon MA, Tildon JT:  Elevated values of tri-iodothyronine in victims of sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr 1981;;99:758-760.
21 +
Zwillich C, McCullough R, Guilleminault C, et al:  Respiratory control in the parents of sudden infant death syndrome victims: Ventilatory control in SIDS parents . Pediatr Res 1980;;14:762-764.
22 +
Schiffman PL, Westlake RE, Santiago TV, et al:  Ventilatory control in parents of victims of sudden infant death syndrome . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:486-491.
23 +
Berman TM, Bartlett M, Westgate HD, et al:  Attenuated responses to CO2 and hypoxia in parents of threatened sudden infant death syndrome infants . Chest 1981;;79:536-538.
24 +
Fagenholz SA, O'Connell K, Shannon DC:  Chemoreceptor function and sleep state in apnea . Pediatrics 1976;;58:31-36.
25 +
Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, Arakawa K, et al:  Sleep apnea as part of a sequence of events: A comparison of three month old infants at low and increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) . Neuropaediatrie 1978;; 9:320-327.
26 +
Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, McGinty D, et al:  Sudden infant death syndrome: Sleep apnea and respiration in subsequent siblings . Pediatrics 1980;;66:205-214.
27 +
Kelly DH, Walker AM, Cahen L, et al:  Periodic breathing in siblings of sudden infant death syndrome victims . Pediatrics 1980;; 66:515-520.
28 +
Harper RM, Leake B, Hoppenbrouwers T, et al:  Polygraphic studies of normal infants and infants at risk for the sudden infant death syndrome: Heart rate and variability as a function of state . Pediatr Res 1978;;12:778-785.
29 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC, O'Connor K:  Care of infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1978;;61:511-514.
30 +
Mandell F:  Cot death among children of nurses: Observations of breathing patterns . Arch Dis Child 1981;;56:312-314.
31 +
Steinschneider A:  Prolonged sleep apnea and respiratory instability: A discriminative study . Pediatrics 1977;;59:962-970.
32 +
Brady JP, Ariagno R, Watts JL, et al:  Apnea, hypoxemia, and aborted sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1978;;62:686-691.
33 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Periodic breathing in infants with near miss sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1979;;63:355-360.
34 +
Guilleminault C, Ariagno R, Korobkin R, et al:  Mixed and obstructive sleep apnea and near miss for sudden infant death syndrome: II. Comparison of near miss and normal control infants by age . Pediatrics 1979;;64:882-891.
35 +
Haddad GC, Leistner HL, Lai TL, et al:  Ventilation and ventilatory pattern during sleep in aborted sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatr Res 1981;;15:870-883.
36 +
Guilleminault C, Ariagno R, Korobkin R, et al:  Sleep parameters and respiratory variables in 'near-miss' sudden infant death syndrome infants . Pediatrics 1981;;68:354-360.
37 +
Shannon DC, Kelly DH, O'Connell K:  Abnormal regulation of ventilation in infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome . N Engl J Med 1977;;297:747-750.
38 +
Hunt CE, McCulloch K, Brouillette RT:  Diminished hypoxic ventilatory responses in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome . J Appl Physiol 1981;;50:1313-1317.
39 +
Hunt CE:  Abnormal hypercarbic and hypoxic sleep arousal responses in near-miss SIDS infants . Pediatr Res 1981;;15:1462-1464.
40 +
Leistner HL, Haddad GG, Epstein RA, et al:  Heart rate and heart rate variability during sleep in aborted sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr 1980;;97:51-55.
41 +
Kanarek DJ, Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Ventilatory chemoreceptor response in parents of children at risk for sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatr Res 1981;;15:1402-1405.
42 +
Korobkin R, Guilleminault C:  Neurologic abnormalities in near miss for sudden infant death syndrome infants . Pediatrics 1979;; 64:369-374.
43 +
Black L, Steinschneider A, Sheehe PR:  Neonatal respiratory instability and infant development . Child Dev 1979;;50:561-564.
44 +
Orlowski J, Nodar RH, Lonsdale D:  Abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potentials in infants with threatened sudden infant death syndrome . Cleve Clin Q 1979;;46:77-81.
45 +
Gupta PR, Guilleminault C, Dorfman LJ:  Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr 1981;;98:791-794.
46 +
Downing SE, Lee JC:  Laryngeal chemosensitivity: A possible mechanism for sudden infant death . Pediatrics 1975;;55:640-649.
47 +
Miller AJ, Dunmire C:  Characterization of the post-natal development of superior laryngeal nerve fibers in the post-natal kitten . J Neurobiol 1976;;7:483-494.
48 +
Herbst JJ, Minton SD, Book LS:  Gastroesophageal reflux in the 'near miss' sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr 1978;;92:73-75.
49 +
Leape LL:  Respiratory arrest in infants secondary to gastroesophageal reflux . Pediatrics 1977;;60:924-928.
50 +
Plaxico DT, Loughlin GM:  Nasopharyngeal reflux and neonatal apnea: Their relationship . Am J Dis Child 1981;;135:793-794.
51 +
Tonkin S:  Sudden infant death syndrome: Hypothesis of causation . Pediatrics 1975;; 55:650-661.
52 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Episodic complete airway obstruction in infants . Pediatrics 1981;; 67:823-827.
53 +
Shannon DC, Marsland DW, Gould JB, et al:  Central hypoventilation during quiet sleep in two infants . Pediatrics 1976;;57:342-346.
54 +
Wells HH, Kattwinkel J, Morrow JD:  Control of ventilation in Ondine's curse . J Pediatr 1980;;96:865-867.
55 +
Fleming PJ, Cade D, Bryan MH, et al:  Congenital central hypoventilation and sleep state . Pediatrics 1980;;66:425-428.
56 +
Lombroso CT, Lerman P:  Breathholding spells (cyanotic and pallid infantile syncope) . Pediatrics 1967;;39:563-581.
57 +
Bruhn FW, Mokrohisky ST, McIntosh K:  Apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in young infants . Pediatrics 1977;;90:382-386.
58 +
Anas NA, Boettrich C, Hall CB, et al:  The association of apnea and respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants . J Pediatr 1982;;101: 65-68.
59 +
Trollfors B:  Clinical course of whooping cough in children younger than six months . Acta Paediatr Scand 1979;;68:323-328.
60 +
Broome CV, Preblud SR, Bruner B, et al:  Epidemiology of pertussis, Atlanta, 1977 . J Pediatr 1981;;98:362-367.
61 +
Robinson DA, Mandal BK, Ironside AG, et al:  Whooping cough: A study of severity in hospital cases . Arch Dis Child 1981;;56:687-691.
62 +
Kelly DH, Krishnamoorthy K, Shannon DC:  Astrocytoma in an infant presenting with prolonged sleep apnea . Pediatrics 1980;;66:429.
63 +
Herbst JJ, Minton SD, Book LS:  Gastroesophageal reflux causing respiratory distress and apnea in newborn infants . J Pediatr 1979;;95:763-768.
64 +
Walsh JK, Farrell MK, Keenan WJ, et al:  Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: Relation to apnea . J Pediatr 1981;;99:197-201.
65 +
Stein IM, Shannon DC:  The pediatric pneumogram: A new method for detecting and quantitating apnea in infants . Pediatrics 1975;; 55:599-603.
66 +
Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, Harper RM, et al:  Polygraphic studies of nine normal infants during the first six months of life: III. Incidence of apnea and periodic breathing . Pediatrics 1977;;60:418-425.
67 +
Gould JB, Lee AFS, James O, et al:  The sleep state characteristics of apnea during infancy . Pediatrics 1977;;59:182-194.
68 +
Stein IM, White A, Kennedy J Jr, et al:  Apnea recordings of healthy infants at 40, 44 and 52 weeks postconception . Pediatrics 1979;; 63:724-730.
69 +
Parmelee AH, Stern E, Harris MA:  Maturation of respiration in prematures and young infants . Neuropaediatrie 1972;;3:294-304.
70 +
Monod N, Curzi-Dascavola L, Guidasci S, et al:  Pauses respiratoires et sommeil chez le nouveau-ne et al nourrisson . Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1976;;6:105-110.
71 +
Gould JB, James O:  Management of the near-miss infant: A personal perspective . Pediatr Clin North Am 1979;;26:857-865.
72 +
Lagercrantz H, Broberger J, Milerad J, et al:  Ventilatory studies in two older infants with prolonged apnea . Acta Paediatr Scand 1980;; 69:545-548.
73 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC, Cahen L:  Effects of theophylline on apnea in young infants . Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;;123:85.
74 +
Aranda JV, Davis J, Turmen T, et al:  Effect of caffeine on control of breathing in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) . Pediatr Res 1981;;15:491.
75 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Treatment of apnea and excessive periodic breathing in the full-term infant . Pediatrics 1981;;68:183-186.
76 +
Rosen JP, Danish M, Pharm D, et al:  Theophylline pharmacokinetics in the young infant . Pediatrics 1979;;64:248-251.
77 +
Shannon DC, Gotay F, Stein IM, et al:  Prevention of apnea and bradycardia in low-birthweight infants . Pediatrics 1975;;55:589-594.
78 +
Myers RF, Milsap RL, Krauss AN, et al:  Low-dose theophylline therapy in idiopathic apnea of prematurity . J Pediatr 1980;;96:99-103.
79 +
Stein MR, Towner TG, Weber RW, et al:  The effect of theophylline on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure . Ann Allergy 1980;;45:238-241.
80 +
 American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Prolonged Apnea: Prolonged apnea . Pediatrics 1978;;61:651-652.
81 +
Bergman AB, Beckwith JB, Ray CG:  The apnea monitor business . Pediatrics 1975;;56:1.
82 +
Steinschneider A:  A reexamination of 'the apnea monitor business.' Pediatrics 1976;;58:1-5.
83 +
Nelson NM:  But who shall monitor the monitor? Pediatrics 1978;;61:663-665.
84 +
 Infant apnea monitors , in Health Devices . Plymouth, Pa, ECRI, 1980;, pp 247-283.
85 +
Warburton D, Stark AR, Taeusch HW:  Apnea monitor failure in infants with upper airway obstruction . Pediatrics 1977;;60:742-744.
86 +
Lewak N:  Sudden infant death syndrome in a hospitalized infant on an apnea monitor . Pediatrics 1975;;56:296-298.
87 +
Favorito J, Orchardo Pernice JM, Ruggiero P:  Apnea monitoring to prevent SIDS . Am J Nurs 1979;;79:101-104.
88 +
Black L, Hersher L, Steinschneider A:  Impact of the apnea monitor on family life . Pediatrics 1978;;62:681-685.
89 +
Cain LP, Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Parents' perceptions of the psychological and social impact of home monitoring . Pediatrics 1980;; 66:37-41.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Naeye RL:  Sudden infant death . Sci Am 1980;;242:56-62.
2 +
Steinschneider A:  Prolonged apnea and the sudden infant death syndrome: Clinical and laboratory observations . Pediatrics 1972;;50:646-654.
3 +
Shannon DC:  The sudden infant death syndrome . Clin Chest Med 1980;;1:327-337.
4 +
Valdes-Dapena MA:  Sudden infant death syndrome: A review of the medical literature 1974-1979 . Pediatrics 1980;;66:597-613.
5 +
Valdes-Dapena M:  Sudden death in infancy: A report for pathologists . Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1975;;2:1-14.
6 +
Valdes-Dapena MA: Sudden Unexplained Infant Death: 1970 Through 1975 , US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare publication 78-5255, 1978;, p 14.
7 +
Beckwith JB: The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome , US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare publication (HSA) 79-5251, 1979;.
8 +
Brooks JG:  Respiratory tract and mediastinum , in Kempe CH, Silver HK, O'Brien D (eds): Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment , ed 6. Los Altos, Calif, Lange Medical Publications, 1980;, p 316.
9 +
Yount JE, Flanagan WJ, Dingley EF, et al:  Evidence for an exponentially increasing incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) with decreasing birthweight (BW) . Pediatr Res 1979;;13:510.
10 +
Froggatt P, Lynas MA, MacKenzie G:  Epidemiology of sudden unexpected death in infants ('cot death') in Northern Ireland . Br J Prev Soc Med 1971;;25:119.
11 +
Peterson DR, Chinn NM, Fisher LD:  The sudden infant death syndrome: Repetitions in families . J Pediatr 1980;;97:265-267.
12 +
Guntheroth WG:  The significance of pulmonary petechiae in crib death . Pediatrics 1973;;52:601-603.
13 +
Guntheroth WG, Kawabori I, Breazeale DG, et al:  The role of respiratory infection in intrathoracic petechiae . Am J Dis Child 1980;;134:364-366.
14 +
Naeye RL, Fisher R, Rubin R, et al:  Selected hormone levels in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1980;;65: 1134-1136.
15 +
Takashima S, Armstrong D, Becker L, et al:  Cerebral hypoperfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome?: Brain gliosis and vasculature . Ann Neurol 1978;;4:257-262.
16 +
Cole S, Lindenberg LB, Galioto FM Jr, et al:  Ultrastructural abnormalities of the carotid body in sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1979;;63:13-17.
17 +
Fink BR, Beckwith JB:  Laryngeal mucous gland excess in victims of sudden infant death . Am J Dis Child 1980;;134:144-146.
18 +
Arnon SS, Micure TF, Damus K, et al:  Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome . Lancet 1978;;1:1273.
19 +
Sachis PN, Armstrong EL, Becker LE, et al:  The vagus nerve and sudden infant death syndrome: A morphometric study . J Pediatr 1981;;98:278-280.
20 +
Chacon MA, Tildon JT:  Elevated values of tri-iodothyronine in victims of sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr 1981;;99:758-760.
21 +
Zwillich C, McCullough R, Guilleminault C, et al:  Respiratory control in the parents of sudden infant death syndrome victims: Ventilatory control in SIDS parents . Pediatr Res 1980;;14:762-764.
22 +
Schiffman PL, Westlake RE, Santiago TV, et al:  Ventilatory control in parents of victims of sudden infant death syndrome . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:486-491.
23 +
Berman TM, Bartlett M, Westgate HD, et al:  Attenuated responses to CO2 and hypoxia in parents of threatened sudden infant death syndrome infants . Chest 1981;;79:536-538.
24 +
Fagenholz SA, O'Connell K, Shannon DC:  Chemoreceptor function and sleep state in apnea . Pediatrics 1976;;58:31-36.
25 +
Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, Arakawa K, et al:  Sleep apnea as part of a sequence of events: A comparison of three month old infants at low and increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) . Neuropaediatrie 1978;; 9:320-327.
26 +
Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, McGinty D, et al:  Sudden infant death syndrome: Sleep apnea and respiration in subsequent siblings . Pediatrics 1980;;66:205-214.
27 +
Kelly DH, Walker AM, Cahen L, et al:  Periodic breathing in siblings of sudden infant death syndrome victims . Pediatrics 1980;; 66:515-520.
28 +
Harper RM, Leake B, Hoppenbrouwers T, et al:  Polygraphic studies of normal infants and infants at risk for the sudden infant death syndrome: Heart rate and variability as a function of state . Pediatr Res 1978;;12:778-785.
29 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC, O'Connor K:  Care of infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1978;;61:511-514.
30 +
Mandell F:  Cot death among children of nurses: Observations of breathing patterns . Arch Dis Child 1981;;56:312-314.
31 +
Steinschneider A:  Prolonged sleep apnea and respiratory instability: A discriminative study . Pediatrics 1977;;59:962-970.
32 +
Brady JP, Ariagno R, Watts JL, et al:  Apnea, hypoxemia, and aborted sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1978;;62:686-691.
33 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Periodic breathing in infants with near miss sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1979;;63:355-360.
34 +
Guilleminault C, Ariagno R, Korobkin R, et al:  Mixed and obstructive sleep apnea and near miss for sudden infant death syndrome: II. Comparison of near miss and normal control infants by age . Pediatrics 1979;;64:882-891.
35 +
Haddad GC, Leistner HL, Lai TL, et al:  Ventilation and ventilatory pattern during sleep in aborted sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatr Res 1981;;15:870-883.
36 +
Guilleminault C, Ariagno R, Korobkin R, et al:  Sleep parameters and respiratory variables in 'near-miss' sudden infant death syndrome infants . Pediatrics 1981;;68:354-360.
37 +
Shannon DC, Kelly DH, O'Connell K:  Abnormal regulation of ventilation in infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome . N Engl J Med 1977;;297:747-750.
38 +
Hunt CE, McCulloch K, Brouillette RT:  Diminished hypoxic ventilatory responses in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome . J Appl Physiol 1981;;50:1313-1317.
39 +
Hunt CE:  Abnormal hypercarbic and hypoxic sleep arousal responses in near-miss SIDS infants . Pediatr Res 1981;;15:1462-1464.
40 +
Leistner HL, Haddad GG, Epstein RA, et al:  Heart rate and heart rate variability during sleep in aborted sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr 1980;;97:51-55.
41 +
Kanarek DJ, Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Ventilatory chemoreceptor response in parents of children at risk for sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatr Res 1981;;15:1402-1405.
42 +
Korobkin R, Guilleminault C:  Neurologic abnormalities in near miss for sudden infant death syndrome infants . Pediatrics 1979;; 64:369-374.
43 +
Black L, Steinschneider A, Sheehe PR:  Neonatal respiratory instability and infant development . Child Dev 1979;;50:561-564.
44 +
Orlowski J, Nodar RH, Lonsdale D:  Abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potentials in infants with threatened sudden infant death syndrome . Cleve Clin Q 1979;;46:77-81.
45 +
Gupta PR, Guilleminault C, Dorfman LJ:  Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr 1981;;98:791-794.
46 +
Downing SE, Lee JC:  Laryngeal chemosensitivity: A possible mechanism for sudden infant death . Pediatrics 1975;;55:640-649.
47 +
Miller AJ, Dunmire C:  Characterization of the post-natal development of superior laryngeal nerve fibers in the post-natal kitten . J Neurobiol 1976;;7:483-494.
48 +
Herbst JJ, Minton SD, Book LS:  Gastroesophageal reflux in the 'near miss' sudden infant death syndrome . J Pediatr 1978;;92:73-75.
49 +
Leape LL:  Respiratory arrest in infants secondary to gastroesophageal reflux . Pediatrics 1977;;60:924-928.
50 +
Plaxico DT, Loughlin GM:  Nasopharyngeal reflux and neonatal apnea: Their relationship . Am J Dis Child 1981;;135:793-794.
51 +
Tonkin S:  Sudden infant death syndrome: Hypothesis of causation . Pediatrics 1975;; 55:650-661.
52 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Episodic complete airway obstruction in infants . Pediatrics 1981;; 67:823-827.
53 +
Shannon DC, Marsland DW, Gould JB, et al:  Central hypoventilation during quiet sleep in two infants . Pediatrics 1976;;57:342-346.
54 +
Wells HH, Kattwinkel J, Morrow JD:  Control of ventilation in Ondine's curse . J Pediatr 1980;;96:865-867.
55 +
Fleming PJ, Cade D, Bryan MH, et al:  Congenital central hypoventilation and sleep state . Pediatrics 1980;;66:425-428.
56 +
Lombroso CT, Lerman P:  Breathholding spells (cyanotic and pallid infantile syncope) . Pediatrics 1967;;39:563-581.
57 +
Bruhn FW, Mokrohisky ST, McIntosh K:  Apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in young infants . Pediatrics 1977;;90:382-386.
58 +
Anas NA, Boettrich C, Hall CB, et al:  The association of apnea and respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants . J Pediatr 1982;;101: 65-68.
59 +
Trollfors B:  Clinical course of whooping cough in children younger than six months . Acta Paediatr Scand 1979;;68:323-328.
60 +
Broome CV, Preblud SR, Bruner B, et al:  Epidemiology of pertussis, Atlanta, 1977 . J Pediatr 1981;;98:362-367.
61 +
Robinson DA, Mandal BK, Ironside AG, et al:  Whooping cough: A study of severity in hospital cases . Arch Dis Child 1981;;56:687-691.
62 +
Kelly DH, Krishnamoorthy K, Shannon DC:  Astrocytoma in an infant presenting with prolonged sleep apnea . Pediatrics 1980;;66:429.
63 +
Herbst JJ, Minton SD, Book LS:  Gastroesophageal reflux causing respiratory distress and apnea in newborn infants . J Pediatr 1979;;95:763-768.
64 +
Walsh JK, Farrell MK, Keenan WJ, et al:  Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: Relation to apnea . J Pediatr 1981;;99:197-201.
65 +
Stein IM, Shannon DC:  The pediatric pneumogram: A new method for detecting and quantitating apnea in infants . Pediatrics 1975;; 55:599-603.
66 +
Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, Harper RM, et al:  Polygraphic studies of nine normal infants during the first six months of life: III. Incidence of apnea and periodic breathing . Pediatrics 1977;;60:418-425.
67 +
Gould JB, Lee AFS, James O, et al:  The sleep state characteristics of apnea during infancy . Pediatrics 1977;;59:182-194.
68 +
Stein IM, White A, Kennedy J Jr, et al:  Apnea recordings of healthy infants at 40, 44 and 52 weeks postconception . Pediatrics 1979;; 63:724-730.
69 +
Parmelee AH, Stern E, Harris MA:  Maturation of respiration in prematures and young infants . Neuropaediatrie 1972;;3:294-304.
70 +
Monod N, Curzi-Dascavola L, Guidasci S, et al:  Pauses respiratoires et sommeil chez le nouveau-ne et al nourrisson . Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1976;;6:105-110.
71 +
Gould JB, James O:  Management of the near-miss infant: A personal perspective . Pediatr Clin North Am 1979;;26:857-865.
72 +
Lagercrantz H, Broberger J, Milerad J, et al:  Ventilatory studies in two older infants with prolonged apnea . Acta Paediatr Scand 1980;; 69:545-548.
73 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC, Cahen L:  Effects of theophylline on apnea in young infants . Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;;123:85.
74 +
Aranda JV, Davis J, Turmen T, et al:  Effect of caffeine on control of breathing in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) . Pediatr Res 1981;;15:491.
75 +
Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Treatment of apnea and excessive periodic breathing in the full-term infant . Pediatrics 1981;;68:183-186.
76 +
Rosen JP, Danish M, Pharm D, et al:  Theophylline pharmacokinetics in the young infant . Pediatrics 1979;;64:248-251.
77 +
Shannon DC, Gotay F, Stein IM, et al:  Prevention of apnea and bradycardia in low-birthweight infants . Pediatrics 1975;;55:589-594.
78 +
Myers RF, Milsap RL, Krauss AN, et al:  Low-dose theophylline therapy in idiopathic apnea of prematurity . J Pediatr 1980;;96:99-103.
79 +
Stein MR, Towner TG, Weber RW, et al:  The effect of theophylline on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure . Ann Allergy 1980;;45:238-241.
80 +
 American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Prolonged Apnea: Prolonged apnea . Pediatrics 1978;;61:651-652.
81 +
Bergman AB, Beckwith JB, Ray CG:  The apnea monitor business . Pediatrics 1975;;56:1.
82 +
Steinschneider A:  A reexamination of 'the apnea monitor business.' Pediatrics 1976;;58:1-5.
83 +
Nelson NM:  But who shall monitor the monitor? Pediatrics 1978;;61:663-665.
84 +
 Infant apnea monitors , in Health Devices . Plymouth, Pa, ECRI, 1980;, pp 247-283.
85 +
Warburton D, Stark AR, Taeusch HW:  Apnea monitor failure in infants with upper airway obstruction . Pediatrics 1977;;60:742-744.
86 +
Lewak N:  Sudden infant death syndrome in a hospitalized infant on an apnea monitor . Pediatrics 1975;;56:296-298.
87 +
Favorito J, Orchardo Pernice JM, Ruggiero P:  Apnea monitoring to prevent SIDS . Am J Nurs 1979;;79:101-104.
88 +
Black L, Hersher L, Steinschneider A:  Impact of the apnea monitor on family life . Pediatrics 1978;;62:681-685.
89 +
Cain LP, Kelly DH, Shannon DC:  Parents' perceptions of the psychological and social impact of home monitoring . Pediatrics 1980;; 66:37-41.

Correspondence

Submit a Letter
CME
Accreditation Information
The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Clear Answers | Save For Later
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
Commitment to Change (optional):
Indicate what change(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
Your quiz results:
The filled radio buttons indicate your responses. The preferred responses are highlighted
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
Submit a Comment

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.

© 2013 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Powered bySilverchair Information Systems