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Comments on the World Health Organization's 'International Code' of Marketing Breastmilk Substitutes FREE

GEORGE G. GRAHAM, MD
Am J Dis Child. 1981;135(10):892-894. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130340004002.
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Few activities are as frustrating as dealing regularly with the problems of the world's poor, particularly those of their children. Progress is slow, difficult to measure, and easily reversed by natural or man-made disasters. Frustration readily leads to anger, particularly among those without the necessary resources or patience. The radicalization of some of our missionaries is a symptom of that anger.

Early weaning of infants in primitive environments leads to increased morbidity and mortality: it did so in this country in the "good old days"1 and it still does in the developing world.2 These and similar studies suffer from an inescapable flaw that tends to exaggerate differences: assignment to breast-feeding or artificial-feeding was not at random. The latter included all the early failures, real or imagined, or breast-feeding plus the many who were never put to the breast because they were sick, premature, orphaned, or abandoned. Most of

REFERENCES

Woodbury RM: Infant Mortality and Its Causes, US Children's Bureau . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1926;.
Plank, SJ, Milanesi ML:  Infant feeding and infant mortality in rural Chile . Bull WHO 1973;;48:203-210.
Graham GG, Morales E:  Studies in infantile malnutrition: I. Nature of the problem in Peru . J Nutr 1963;;79:479-487.
WHO Collaborative Study on Breast-Feeding (Preliminary Report) . Geneva, World Health Organization, 1979;.
Jelliffe DB:  World trends in infant feeding . Am J Clin Nutr 1976;;29:1227-1237.
Waterlow JC, Ashworth A, Griffiths M:  Faltering of infant growth in less-developed countries . Lancet 1980;;2:1176-1178.
Lechtig A, Habicht JP, Delgado H, et al:  Effect of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight . Pediatrics 1975;;56:508-520.
Harrison HE:  The retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus of infants fed sweetened condensed milk . J Pediatr 1936;;8:415-419.
Lawrence RA:  Successful breast-feeding . Am J Dis Child 1981;;135:595-596.
Hunger in America: Ten Years Later . US Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, Subcommittee on Nutrition, 1979;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

Woodbury RM: Infant Mortality and Its Causes, US Children's Bureau . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1926;.
Plank, SJ, Milanesi ML:  Infant feeding and infant mortality in rural Chile . Bull WHO 1973;;48:203-210.
Graham GG, Morales E:  Studies in infantile malnutrition: I. Nature of the problem in Peru . J Nutr 1963;;79:479-487.
WHO Collaborative Study on Breast-Feeding (Preliminary Report) . Geneva, World Health Organization, 1979;.
Jelliffe DB:  World trends in infant feeding . Am J Clin Nutr 1976;;29:1227-1237.
Waterlow JC, Ashworth A, Griffiths M:  Faltering of infant growth in less-developed countries . Lancet 1980;;2:1176-1178.
Lechtig A, Habicht JP, Delgado H, et al:  Effect of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight . Pediatrics 1975;;56:508-520.
Harrison HE:  The retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus of infants fed sweetened condensed milk . J Pediatr 1936;;8:415-419.
Lawrence RA:  Successful breast-feeding . Am J Dis Child 1981;;135:595-596.
Hunger in America: Ten Years Later . US Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, Subcommittee on Nutrition, 1979;.

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