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June 1981, Vol 135, No. 6 >
Article | June 1981

Effect of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Apgar Scores FREE

Stanley M. Garn, PhD; Michael Johnston, MD; Stephen A. Ridella; Audrey S. Petzold
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 1111 E Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (Dr Garn).


Am J Dis Child. 1981;135(6):503-506. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130300003003.
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References
Comments

• As shown in a total of 43,492 live-born singleton infants, the proportion of low and depressed Apgar scores is related to the extent of maternal cigarette usage during pregnancy. In particular, the three-pack level of smoking (41 to 60 cigarettes per day) is reflected in a near-quadrupling of low and depressed one-minute and five-minute Apgar scores in both blacks and whites and also after exclusion of prematurely born infants.

(Am J Dis Child 1981;135:503-506)

REFERENCES

1 +
Butler NR, Goldstein H, Ross EM:  Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: Its influence on birthweight and perinatal mortality . Br Med J 1972;;2:127-130.
2 +
Rush D:  Cigarette smoking during pregnancy: The relationship with depressed weight gain and birthweight: An updated report , in Kelly S, Janerich D, Porter I (eds): Birthweight, Risks and Consequences . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1976;, pp 161-172
3 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA, McCabe KD:  Pregnant? No ifs, ands or butts . Res Staff Phys 1979;;25:152-162
4 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA:  Effect of maternal smoking on weight and weight gain between pregnancies . Am J Clin Nutr 1978;;31:1302-1303
5 +
Longo LD:  The biological effects of carbon monoxide on the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn infant . Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;;129:69-103
6 +
Naeye RL:  Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta . Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978;;85:732-737
7 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA, McCabe KD:  Effect of maternal smoking on hemoglobins and hematocrits of the newborn . Am J Clin Nutr 1978;;31:557.
8 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA, McCabe KD:  Dose response effect of maternal smoking . Pediatrics 1978;;62:861-862.
9 +
Garn SM, Petzold AS, Ridella SA, et al:  Effect of smoking during pregnancy on Apgar and Bayley scores in the infant . Lancet 1980;;2:912-913.
10 +
Apgar V:  A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant . Curr Res Anesth Analg 1953;;32:260.
11 +
Niswander KR, Gordon M: The Women and Their Pregnancies . US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1972;.
12 +
Drage JS, Berendes H:  Apgar scores and outcome of newborn . Pediatr Clin North Am 1966;;13:635-643.
13 +
Tobacco:  Hazards to health and human reproduction , in Coleman S (ed): Population Information Program Series L . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 1979;
14 +
Self PA, Horowitz FD:  The behavioral assessment of the neonate: An overview , in Osofsky JD (ed): Handbook of Infant Development . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1979;, pp 126-164.
15 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA, McCabe KD:  Effects of socioeconomic status and race on weight-defined and gestational prematurity in the United States , in Reed DM, Stanley FJ (eds): The Epidemiology of Prematurity . Baltimore, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977;
16 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA:  Effect of maternal smoking on weight and weight gain between pregnancies . Am J Clin Nutr 1978;;31:1302-1303
17 +
Kozlowski LT, Rickert WS, Robinson JC:  Have tar and nicotine yields of cigarettes changed? Science 1980;;209:1550-1551

Figures

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Interactive Graphics

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Butler NR, Goldstein H, Ross EM:  Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: Its influence on birthweight and perinatal mortality . Br Med J 1972;;2:127-130.
2 +
Rush D:  Cigarette smoking during pregnancy: The relationship with depressed weight gain and birthweight: An updated report , in Kelly S, Janerich D, Porter I (eds): Birthweight, Risks and Consequences . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1976;, pp 161-172
3 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA, McCabe KD:  Pregnant? No ifs, ands or butts . Res Staff Phys 1979;;25:152-162
4 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA:  Effect of maternal smoking on weight and weight gain between pregnancies . Am J Clin Nutr 1978;;31:1302-1303
5 +
Longo LD:  The biological effects of carbon monoxide on the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn infant . Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;;129:69-103
6 +
Naeye RL:  Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta . Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978;;85:732-737
7 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA, McCabe KD:  Effect of maternal smoking on hemoglobins and hematocrits of the newborn . Am J Clin Nutr 1978;;31:557.
8 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA, McCabe KD:  Dose response effect of maternal smoking . Pediatrics 1978;;62:861-862.
9 +
Garn SM, Petzold AS, Ridella SA, et al:  Effect of smoking during pregnancy on Apgar and Bayley scores in the infant . Lancet 1980;;2:912-913.
10 +
Apgar V:  A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant . Curr Res Anesth Analg 1953;;32:260.
11 +
Niswander KR, Gordon M: The Women and Their Pregnancies . US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1972;.
12 +
Drage JS, Berendes H:  Apgar scores and outcome of newborn . Pediatr Clin North Am 1966;;13:635-643.
13 +
Tobacco:  Hazards to health and human reproduction , in Coleman S (ed): Population Information Program Series L . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 1979;
14 +
Self PA, Horowitz FD:  The behavioral assessment of the neonate: An overview , in Osofsky JD (ed): Handbook of Infant Development . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1979;, pp 126-164.
15 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA, McCabe KD:  Effects of socioeconomic status and race on weight-defined and gestational prematurity in the United States , in Reed DM, Stanley FJ (eds): The Epidemiology of Prematurity . Baltimore, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977;
16 +
Garn SM, Shaw HA:  Effect of maternal smoking on weight and weight gain between pregnancies . Am J Clin Nutr 1978;;31:1302-1303
17 +
Kozlowski LT, Rickert WS, Robinson JC:  Have tar and nicotine yields of cigarettes changed? Science 1980;;209:1550-1551

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