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December 1980, Vol 134, No. 12 >
Article | December 1980

In Rebuttal FREE

BERNARD WEISS, PHD
Am J Dis Child. 1980;134(12):1126-1128. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130240010004.
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David P. Rail, Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and of the National Toxicology Program, once challenged an audience with the following question: Suppose that thalidomide, rather than inducing structural deformities, had instead depressed IQ scores by 10%; would we ever have suspected it of adverse effects?

The answer to that question is disquietingly obvious. Rall framed it to illustrate the problems now taunting the science of environmental toxicology. Absence of death and frank disease are too blunt to serve alone as evidence of safety. The community demands protection against the subtle, insidious, often delayed consequences of exposure to toxic environmental agents, consequences exemplified by behavioral disturbances. Behavioral toxicology is a discipline created by that concern. Although a young discipline—the first meeting was organized in 19721—it is exerting a widening influence. In the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, which mandates premarket toxicity evaluation of

REFERENCES

1 +
Weiss B, Laties VG: Behavioral Toxicology . New York, Plenum Publishing Co, 1975;.
2 +
Weiss B, Williams JH, Margen S, et al:  Behavioral responses to artifical food colors . Science 1980;;207:1487-1488.
3 +
Swanson JM, Kinsbourne M:  Food dyes impair performance of hyperactive children on a laboratory learning test . Science 1980;;207:1485-1487.
4 +
Glass GV, Willson VL, Gottman JM: Design and Analysis of Time-Series Experiments . Boulder, Colo, Colorado Associated University Press, 1975;.
5 +
Good PI:  Detection of a treatment effect when not all experimental subjects will respond to treatment . Biometrics 1979;;35:483-489.
6 +
Whittemore AS, Korn EL:  Asthma and air pollution in the Los Angeles area . Am J Public Health 1980;;70:687-696.
7 +
Harley JP, Ray RS, Tomasi L, et al:  Hyperkinesis and food additives: Testing the Feingold hypothesis . Pediatrics 1978;;61:818-828.
8 +
Conners CK, Goyette CH, Southwick DA, et al:  Food additives and hyperkinesis: A controlled double-blind experiment . Pediatrics 1976;;58:154-166.
9 +
Williams JI, Cram DM, Tausig FT, et al:  Relative effects of drugs and diet on hyperactive behaviors: An experimental study . Pediatrics 1978;;61:811-817.
10 +
Evaluation of health aspects of GRAS food ingredients:  Lessons learned and questions unanswered, Federation of American Societies for Experiemental Biology Select Committee on GRAS Substances . Fed Proc 1977;;36:2525-2562.
11 +
Weiss B:  Food additives , in Committee on Nutrition (ed): Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. Evanston, Ill , American Academy of Pediatrics, 1979;, pp 454-464.
12 +
 Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives with a review of general principles and of specifications, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization-World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives . WHO Tech Rep Ser No. (539) , 1974;.
13 +
Berglund F:  Food additives . Arch Toxicol Suppl 1978;;1:33-46.
14 +
Amin-Zaki L, Majeed MA, Elhassani SB, et al: Prenatal methylmercury poisoning: Clinical observations over five years. Am J Dis Child 1979;;133:172-177.
15 +
Goyette CH, Conners CK, Petti TA, et al:  Effects of artificial colors on hyperkinetic children: A double-blind challenge study . Psychopharmacol Bull 1975;;14:39-40.
16 +
Shaywitz BA, Goldenring JR, Wool RS:  Effects of chronic administration of food colorings on activity levels and cognitive performance in developing rat pups treated with 6-hydroxydopamine . Neurobehav Toxicol 1979;;1:41-47.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Weiss B, Laties VG: Behavioral Toxicology . New York, Plenum Publishing Co, 1975;.
2 +
Weiss B, Williams JH, Margen S, et al:  Behavioral responses to artifical food colors . Science 1980;;207:1487-1488.
3 +
Swanson JM, Kinsbourne M:  Food dyes impair performance of hyperactive children on a laboratory learning test . Science 1980;;207:1485-1487.
4 +
Glass GV, Willson VL, Gottman JM: Design and Analysis of Time-Series Experiments . Boulder, Colo, Colorado Associated University Press, 1975;.
5 +
Good PI:  Detection of a treatment effect when not all experimental subjects will respond to treatment . Biometrics 1979;;35:483-489.
6 +
Whittemore AS, Korn EL:  Asthma and air pollution in the Los Angeles area . Am J Public Health 1980;;70:687-696.
7 +
Harley JP, Ray RS, Tomasi L, et al:  Hyperkinesis and food additives: Testing the Feingold hypothesis . Pediatrics 1978;;61:818-828.
8 +
Conners CK, Goyette CH, Southwick DA, et al:  Food additives and hyperkinesis: A controlled double-blind experiment . Pediatrics 1976;;58:154-166.
9 +
Williams JI, Cram DM, Tausig FT, et al:  Relative effects of drugs and diet on hyperactive behaviors: An experimental study . Pediatrics 1978;;61:811-817.
10 +
Evaluation of health aspects of GRAS food ingredients:  Lessons learned and questions unanswered, Federation of American Societies for Experiemental Biology Select Committee on GRAS Substances . Fed Proc 1977;;36:2525-2562.
11 +
Weiss B:  Food additives , in Committee on Nutrition (ed): Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. Evanston, Ill , American Academy of Pediatrics, 1979;, pp 454-464.
12 +
 Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives with a review of general principles and of specifications, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization-World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives . WHO Tech Rep Ser No. (539) , 1974;.
13 +
Berglund F:  Food additives . Arch Toxicol Suppl 1978;;1:33-46.
14 +
Amin-Zaki L, Majeed MA, Elhassani SB, et al: Prenatal methylmercury poisoning: Clinical observations over five years. Am J Dis Child 1979;;133:172-177.
15 +
Goyette CH, Conners CK, Petti TA, et al:  Effects of artificial colors on hyperkinetic children: A double-blind challenge study . Psychopharmacol Bull 1975;;14:39-40.
16 +
Shaywitz BA, Goldenring JR, Wool RS:  Effects of chronic administration of food colorings on activity levels and cognitive performance in developing rat pups treated with 6-hydroxydopamine . Neurobehav Toxicol 1979;;1:41-47.

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