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July 1980, Vol 134, No. 7 >
Article | July 1980

The Prostaglandins FREE

Peter M. Olley, MD; Flavio Coceani, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8 (Dr Olley).


Am J Dis Child. 1980;134(7):688-696. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130190056014.
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During the last decade, the prostaglandins have attracted considerable research activity and have become of clinical importance in several disease states. It is probable that further clinical applications will develop in the future and, therefore, a review of our current knowledge of these biologically active compounds is timely. The reader should appreciate that information about the biosynthesis and metabolism of the prostaglandins (PGs) and related substances is increasing so rapidly that even the results of experiments performed recently have to be constantly reevaluated. What may seem to be true today may no longer be valid tomorrow!

"Prostaglandin" was the named coined by von Euler1 in 1935 for an active substance found in lipid extracts of sheep seminal vesicles that both stimulated smooth muscle to contract and caused hypotension when injected into animals. Not all the compounds to be discussed in this article share the prostanoic acid skeleton, which is

REFERENCES

1 +
Von Euler US:  On the specific vaso-dilating and plain muscle stimulating substances from accessory genital glands in man and certain animals . J Physiol 88:213-234, 1936;.
2 +
Goldblatt MW:  A depressor substance in seminal fluid . J Soc Chem Ind 52:1056-1057, 1933;.
3 +
Goldblatt MW:  Properties of human seminal plasma . J Physiol 84:208-218, 1935;.
4 +
Kurzrok R, Lieb CC:  Biochemical studies of human semen: II. The action of semen on the human uterus . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 28:268-272, 1930;.
5 +
Bergstrom S, Ryhage R, Samuelsson B, et al:  The structure of prostaglandin E1, F1α and F1β . J Biol Chem 238:3555-3564, 1963;.
6 +
Bergstrom S, Samuelsson B:  Prostaglandins . Ann Rev Biochem 34:101-108, 1965;.
7 +
Johnson RA, Morton DR, Kinner JH, et al:  Chemical structure of prostaglandin X (Prostacyclin) . Prostaglandins 12:915-928, 1976;.
8 +
Lands WEM:  The biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins . Ann Rev Physiol 41:633-652, 1979;.
9 +
Samuelsson B, Goldyne M, Granstrom E, et al:  Prostaglandins and thromboxanes . Am Rev Biochem 47:997-1029, 1978;.
10 +
Grieves SA, Liggins GC:  Phospholipase A activity in human and ovine uterine tissues . Prostaglandins 12:229-241, 1976;.
11 +
Schwarz BE, Schultz FM, MacDonald PC, et al:  Initiation of human parturition: IV. Demonstration of phospholipase A, in the lysosomes of human fetal membranes . Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:1089-1092, 1976;.
12 +
Borgeat P, Samuelsson B:  Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leucocytes: Unstable intermediate in formation of dihydroxy acids . Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 76:3213-3217, 1979;.
13 +
Samuelsson B, Borgeat P, Hammarstrom S, et al:  Introduction of a nomenclature: Leukotrienes . Prostaglandins 17:785-787, 1979;.
14 +
Ramwell PW, Leovey EMK, Sintetos AL:  Regulation of arachidonic acid cascade . Biol Reprod 16:70-87, 1977;.
15 +
Pace-Asciak CR:  Oxidative biotransformation of arachidonic acid . Prostaglandins 13:811-817, 1977;.
16 +
Nugteren DH, Hazelhof E:  Isolation and properties of intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis . Biochim Biophys Acta 326:448-461, 1973;.
17 +
Hamberg M, Svensson J, Wakabayashi T, et al:  Isolation and structure of two prostaglandin endoperoxides that cause platelet aggregation . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:345-349, 1974;.
18 +
Hamberg M, Svensson J, Samuelsson B:  Thromboxanes: A new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:2994-2998, 1975;.
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Moncada S, Vane JR: The Discovery of Prostacyclin—A Fresh Insight Into Arachidonic Acid Metabolism , ed 2. New York, Academic Press Inc, 1977;, pp 155-177.
20 +
Wong P-Y-K, Malik KU, Sun FF, et al: Hepatic Metabolism of Prostacyclin (PGI2) in the Rabbit: Formation of a Potent Inhibitor of Platelet Aggregation . Washington, Proceedings Fourth International Conference on Prostaglandins, 1979;, p 127.
21 +
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Olley PM, Coceani F, Kent G:  Inactivation of prostaglandin E, by lungs of the fetal lamb . Experientia 30:58-59, 1974;.
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Smith MJH:  Aspirin and prostaglandins: Some recent developments . Agents Actions 8:427-429, 1978;.
25 +
Rajtar G, deGaetano G:  Tranylcypromine is not a selective inhibitor of prostacyclin in rats . Thrombosis Res 14:245-248, 1979;.
26 +
Gryglewski RJ, Panczenko B, Korbut R, et al:  Corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandin release from perfused mesenteric blood vessels of rabbit and from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea pig . Prostaglandins 10:343-356, 1975;.
27 +
Goldberg ND, O'Dea RF, Haddox MK:  Cyclic GMP . Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 3:155-223, 1973;.
28 +
Kuehl FA Jr, Cirillo VJ, Ham EA, et al:  The regulatory role of the prostaglandins on the cyclic 3′, 5′-AMP system . Adv Biosci 9:155-172, 1972;.
29 +
Miller OV, Gorman RR:  Modulation of platelet cyclic nucleotide content by PGE, and the prostaglandin endoperoxide PGG2 . J Cyclic Nucl Res 2:79-87, 1976;.
30 +
Tateson JE, Moncada S, Vane JR:  Effects of prostacyclin (PGX) on cyclic AMP concentrations in human platelets . Prostaglandins 13:389-397, 1977;.
31 +
Brody MJ, Kadowitz PJ:  Prostaglandins as modulators of the autonomic nervous system . Fed Proc 33:48-60, 1974;.
32 +
Hedqvist P:  Prostaglandin mediated control of sympathetic neuroeffector transmission . Adv Biosci 9:461-473, 1973;.
33 +
Westfall TC:  Local regulation of adrenergic neurotransmission . Physiol Rev 57:659-728, 1977;.
34 +
Hedqvist P:  Studies on the effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on the sympathetic neuromuscular transmission in some animal tissues . Acta Physiol Scand suppl 345, 1970, pp 1-40.
35 +
Gerrard JM, Townsend D, Stoddard S, et al:  The influence of prostaglandin G2 on platelet ultrastructure and platelet secretion . Am J Pathol 86:99-115, 1977;.
36 +
Vane JR:  The release and fate of vasoactive hormones in the circulation . Br J Pharmacol 35:209-242, 1969;.
37 +
Granstrom E, Kindahl H:  Radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin metabolites . Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res 1:81-92, 1976;.
38 +
Granstrom E:  Assay methods for PGs and thromboxane . Prostaglandins Thera 5:3-4, 1979;.
39 +
Samuelsson B, Goldyne M, Granstrom E, et al:  Prostaglandins and thromboxanes . Ann Rev Biochem 47:997-1029, 1978;.
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Samuelsson B, Hamberg M, Sweeley CC:  Quantitative gas chromatography of prostaglandin E, at the nanogram level: Use of deuterated carrier and multiple-ion analyzer . Anal Biochem 38:301-304, 1970;.
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94 +
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95 +
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96 +
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97 +
Moncada S, Vane JR:  Arachidonic acid metabolites and the interactions between platelets and blood vessel walls . N Engl J Med 300:1142-1147, 1979;.
98 +
Roth GJ, Stanford N, Majerus PW:  Acetylation of prostaglandin synthetase by aspirin . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:3073-3076, 1975;.
99 +
Moncada S, Korbut R:  Dipyridamole and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors act as antithrombotic agents oy potentiating endogenous prostacyclin . Lancet 1:1286-1289, 1978;.
100 +
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101 +
Malmsten C, Hamberg M, Svensson J, et al:  Physiological role of an endoperoxide in human platelets: Hemostatis defect due to platelet cyclo-oxygenase deficiency . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:1446-1450, 1975;.
102 +
Willis AL, Comai K, Kahn DC, et al:  Dihomo-γ-linoleate suppresses platelet aggregation when administered in vitro or in vivo . Prostaglandins 8:509-519, 1974;.
103 +
Majerus PW:  Why aspirin? Circulation 54:357-359, 1976;.
104 +
Friedman Z, Whitman V, Maisels MJ, et al:  Indomethacin deposition and indomethacin induced platelet dysfunction in premature infants . J Clin Pharmacol 18:272-279, 1978;.
105 +
Kuo PT, Huang NN, Bassett DR:  The fatty acid composition of the serum chylomicrons and adipose tissue of children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas . J Pediatr 60:394-403, 1962;.
106 +
Elliott RB:  A therapeutic trial of fatty acid supplementation in cystic fibrosis . Pediatrics 57:474-479, 1976;.
107 +
Campbell IM, Crozier DN, Caton RB:  Abnormal fatty acid composition and impaired oxygen supply in cystic fibrosis patients . Pediatrics 57:480-486, 1976;.
108 +
Chase HP, Dupont J:  Abnormal levels of prostaglandins and fatty acids in blood of children with cystic fibrosis . Lancet 2:236-238, 1978;.
109 +
Chase HP, Williams RL, Dupont J:  Increased prostaglandin synthesis in childhood diabetes mellitus . J Pediatr 94:185-189, 1979;.
110 +
Fichman MP, Telfer N, Zia P, et al:  Role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome . Am J Med 60:785-797, 1960;.
111 +
Bowden RE, Gill JR, Radfar N, et al:  Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in Bartter's syndrome . JAMA 239:117-121, 1978;.
112 +
Littlewood JM, Lee MR, Meadow SR:  Treatment of Bartter's syndrome in early childhood with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors . Arch Dis Child 53:43-48, 1978;.
113 +
McGiff JC, Wong PYK:  Compartmentalization of prostaglandins and prostacyclin within the kidney: Implications for renal function . Fed Proc 38:89-93, 1979;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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References

1 +
Von Euler US:  On the specific vaso-dilating and plain muscle stimulating substances from accessory genital glands in man and certain animals . J Physiol 88:213-234, 1936;.
2 +
Goldblatt MW:  A depressor substance in seminal fluid . J Soc Chem Ind 52:1056-1057, 1933;.
3 +
Goldblatt MW:  Properties of human seminal plasma . J Physiol 84:208-218, 1935;.
4 +
Kurzrok R, Lieb CC:  Biochemical studies of human semen: II. The action of semen on the human uterus . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 28:268-272, 1930;.
5 +
Bergstrom S, Ryhage R, Samuelsson B, et al:  The structure of prostaglandin E1, F1α and F1β . J Biol Chem 238:3555-3564, 1963;.
6 +
Bergstrom S, Samuelsson B:  Prostaglandins . Ann Rev Biochem 34:101-108, 1965;.
7 +
Johnson RA, Morton DR, Kinner JH, et al:  Chemical structure of prostaglandin X (Prostacyclin) . Prostaglandins 12:915-928, 1976;.
8 +
Lands WEM:  The biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins . Ann Rev Physiol 41:633-652, 1979;.
9 +
Samuelsson B, Goldyne M, Granstrom E, et al:  Prostaglandins and thromboxanes . Am Rev Biochem 47:997-1029, 1978;.
10 +
Grieves SA, Liggins GC:  Phospholipase A activity in human and ovine uterine tissues . Prostaglandins 12:229-241, 1976;.
11 +
Schwarz BE, Schultz FM, MacDonald PC, et al:  Initiation of human parturition: IV. Demonstration of phospholipase A, in the lysosomes of human fetal membranes . Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:1089-1092, 1976;.
12 +
Borgeat P, Samuelsson B:  Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leucocytes: Unstable intermediate in formation of dihydroxy acids . Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 76:3213-3217, 1979;.
13 +
Samuelsson B, Borgeat P, Hammarstrom S, et al:  Introduction of a nomenclature: Leukotrienes . Prostaglandins 17:785-787, 1979;.
14 +
Ramwell PW, Leovey EMK, Sintetos AL:  Regulation of arachidonic acid cascade . Biol Reprod 16:70-87, 1977;.
15 +
Pace-Asciak CR:  Oxidative biotransformation of arachidonic acid . Prostaglandins 13:811-817, 1977;.
16 +
Nugteren DH, Hazelhof E:  Isolation and properties of intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis . Biochim Biophys Acta 326:448-461, 1973;.
17 +
Hamberg M, Svensson J, Wakabayashi T, et al:  Isolation and structure of two prostaglandin endoperoxides that cause platelet aggregation . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:345-349, 1974;.
18 +
Hamberg M, Svensson J, Samuelsson B:  Thromboxanes: A new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:2994-2998, 1975;.
19 +
Moncada S, Vane JR: The Discovery of Prostacyclin—A Fresh Insight Into Arachidonic Acid Metabolism , ed 2. New York, Academic Press Inc, 1977;, pp 155-177.
20 +
Wong P-Y-K, Malik KU, Sun FF, et al: Hepatic Metabolism of Prostacyclin (PGI2) in the Rabbit: Formation of a Potent Inhibitor of Platelet Aggregation . Washington, Proceedings Fourth International Conference on Prostaglandins, 1979;, p 127.
21 +
Ferreira SH, Vane JR: Prostaglandins:  Their disappearance from and release into the circulation . Nature 216:868-873, 1967;.
22 +
Olley PM, Coceani F, Kent G:  Inactivation of prostaglandin E, by lungs of the fetal lamb . Experientia 30:58-59, 1974;.
23 +
Moncada S, Vane JR:  Mode of action of aspirin-like drugs , in Stollerman GH (ed): Advances in Internal Medicine . Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1979;, pp 1-22.
24 +
Smith MJH:  Aspirin and prostaglandins: Some recent developments . Agents Actions 8:427-429, 1978;.
25 +
Rajtar G, deGaetano G:  Tranylcypromine is not a selective inhibitor of prostacyclin in rats . Thrombosis Res 14:245-248, 1979;.
26 +
Gryglewski RJ, Panczenko B, Korbut R, et al:  Corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandin release from perfused mesenteric blood vessels of rabbit and from perfused lungs of sensitized guinea pig . Prostaglandins 10:343-356, 1975;.
27 +
Goldberg ND, O'Dea RF, Haddox MK:  Cyclic GMP . Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 3:155-223, 1973;.
28 +
Kuehl FA Jr, Cirillo VJ, Ham EA, et al:  The regulatory role of the prostaglandins on the cyclic 3′, 5′-AMP system . Adv Biosci 9:155-172, 1972;.
29 +
Miller OV, Gorman RR:  Modulation of platelet cyclic nucleotide content by PGE, and the prostaglandin endoperoxide PGG2 . J Cyclic Nucl Res 2:79-87, 1976;.
30 +
Tateson JE, Moncada S, Vane JR:  Effects of prostacyclin (PGX) on cyclic AMP concentrations in human platelets . Prostaglandins 13:389-397, 1977;.
31 +
Brody MJ, Kadowitz PJ:  Prostaglandins as modulators of the autonomic nervous system . Fed Proc 33:48-60, 1974;.
32 +
Hedqvist P:  Prostaglandin mediated control of sympathetic neuroeffector transmission . Adv Biosci 9:461-473, 1973;.
33 +
Westfall TC:  Local regulation of adrenergic neurotransmission . Physiol Rev 57:659-728, 1977;.
34 +
Hedqvist P:  Studies on the effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on the sympathetic neuromuscular transmission in some animal tissues . Acta Physiol Scand suppl 345, 1970, pp 1-40.
35 +
Gerrard JM, Townsend D, Stoddard S, et al:  The influence of prostaglandin G2 on platelet ultrastructure and platelet secretion . Am J Pathol 86:99-115, 1977;.
36 +
Vane JR:  The release and fate of vasoactive hormones in the circulation . Br J Pharmacol 35:209-242, 1969;.
37 +
Granstrom E, Kindahl H:  Radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin metabolites . Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res 1:81-92, 1976;.
38 +
Granstrom E:  Assay methods for PGs and thromboxane . Prostaglandins Thera 5:3-4, 1979;.
39 +
Samuelsson B, Goldyne M, Granstrom E, et al:  Prostaglandins and thromboxanes . Ann Rev Biochem 47:997-1029, 1978;.
40 +
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