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November 1978, Vol 132, No. 11 >
Article | November 1978

Pneumococcal Empyema in Childhood FREE

Jane D. Siegel, MD; J. Carlton Gartner, MD; Richard H. Michaels, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 125 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 (Dr Michaels).


Am J Dis Child. 1978;132(11):1094-1096. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120360050008.
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References
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• Two serotypes, uncommon in pediatric infections, accounted for a disproportionately large number of cases of pneumococcal empyema at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Eight of ten empyemas were caused by types 1 or 3, and two additional cases of mixed infection involved the type 3 pneumococcus. The type 3 pneumococcal empyemas tended to be more severe than those due to other serotypes. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) appeared to be more useful than culture in establishing the cause of this condition; in seven of ten cases, the pleural fluid was CIE positive while cultures of blood and pleural fluid were negative. In each of the seven culture-negative cases, antibiotics had been given prior to hospitalization. One case of type 7 pneumococcal empyema illustrated the potential value of the Ouchterlony test for the etiologic diagnosis of this condition.

(Am J Dis Child 132:1094-1096, 1978)

REFERENCES

1 +
Siegel JD, Poziviak CS, Michaels RH:  Serotypically defined pneumococcal infections in children . J Pediatr 93:249-250, 1978;.
2 +
Michaels RH, Poziviak CS:  Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in children . J Pediatr 88:72-74, 1976;.
3 +
Leach RP, Coonrod JD:  Detection of pneumococcal antigens in the sputum in pneumococcal pneumonia . Am Rev Respir Dis 116:847-851, 1977;.
4 +
Congeni BL, Nankervis GA:  Diagnosis of pneumonia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of respiratory secretions . Am J Dis Child 132:684-687, 1978;.
5 +
Ouchterlony O:  Diffusion-in-gel methods for immunological analysis . Prog Allergy 5:1-78, 1958;.
6 +
Lampe RM, Chottipitayasunondh T, Sunakorn P:  Detection of bacterial antigen in pleural fluid by counterimmunoelectrophoresis . J Pediatr 88:557-560, 1976;.
7 +
Lund E:  Types of pneumococci found in blood, spinal fluid and pleural exudate during a period of 15 years (1954-1969) . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 78B:333-336, 1970;.
8 +
Finland M, Barnes MW:  Changes in occurrence of capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae at Boston City Hospital during selected years between 1935 and 1974 . J Clin Microbiol 5:154-166, 1977;.
9 +
Burke JP, Klein JO, Gezon HM, et al:  Pneumococcal bacteremia: Review of 111 cases, 1957-1969, with special reference to cases with undetermined focus . Am J Dis Child 121:353-359, 1971;.
10 +
Seeler RA, Jacobs NM:  Pyogenic infections in children with sickle hemoglobinopathy . J Pediatr 90:161-162, 1977;.
11 +
Austrian R, Gold J:  Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia . Ann Intern Med 60:759-776, 1964;.
12 +
Strauss E, Finland M:  Further studies on recurrences in pneumococcic pneumonia with special reference to the effect of specific treatment . Ann Intern Med 16:17-32, 1942;.
13 +
Wood WB Jr, Smith MR:  The inhibition of surface phagocytosis by the capsular "slime layer" of pneumococcus type III . J Exp Med 90:85-96, 1949;.
14 +
Dixon JMS, Lipinski AE, Graham MEP:  Detection and prevalence of pneumococci with increased resistance to penicillin . Can Med Assoc J 117:1159-1161, 1977;.
15 +
Coonrod JD, Wilson HD:  Etiologic diagnosis of intrapleural empyema by counterimmunoelectrophoresis . Am Rev Respir Dis 113:637-641, 1976;.
16 +
Finland M, Barnes MW:  Changing ecology of acute bacterial empyema: Occurrence and mortality in Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years from 1935 to 1972 . J Infect Dis 137:274-291, 1978;.
17 +
Anhalt JP, Yu PKW:  Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of pneumococcal antigens: Improved sensitivity for the detection of types VII and XIV . J Clin Microbiol 2:510-515, 1975;.
18 +
Ward JI, Siber GR, Scheifele DW, et al:  Rapid diagnosis of Hemophilus influenzae type b infections by latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis . J Pediatr 93:37-42, 1978;.
19 +
Robbins JB, Myerowitz RL, Whisnant JK, et al:  Enteric bacteria cross-reactive with Neisseria meningitidis groups A and C and Diplococcus pneumoniae types I and III . Infect Immun 6:651-656, 1972;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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References

1 +
Siegel JD, Poziviak CS, Michaels RH:  Serotypically defined pneumococcal infections in children . J Pediatr 93:249-250, 1978;.
2 +
Michaels RH, Poziviak CS:  Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in children . J Pediatr 88:72-74, 1976;.
3 +
Leach RP, Coonrod JD:  Detection of pneumococcal antigens in the sputum in pneumococcal pneumonia . Am Rev Respir Dis 116:847-851, 1977;.
4 +
Congeni BL, Nankervis GA:  Diagnosis of pneumonia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of respiratory secretions . Am J Dis Child 132:684-687, 1978;.
5 +
Ouchterlony O:  Diffusion-in-gel methods for immunological analysis . Prog Allergy 5:1-78, 1958;.
6 +
Lampe RM, Chottipitayasunondh T, Sunakorn P:  Detection of bacterial antigen in pleural fluid by counterimmunoelectrophoresis . J Pediatr 88:557-560, 1976;.
7 +
Lund E:  Types of pneumococci found in blood, spinal fluid and pleural exudate during a period of 15 years (1954-1969) . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 78B:333-336, 1970;.
8 +
Finland M, Barnes MW:  Changes in occurrence of capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae at Boston City Hospital during selected years between 1935 and 1974 . J Clin Microbiol 5:154-166, 1977;.
9 +
Burke JP, Klein JO, Gezon HM, et al:  Pneumococcal bacteremia: Review of 111 cases, 1957-1969, with special reference to cases with undetermined focus . Am J Dis Child 121:353-359, 1971;.
10 +
Seeler RA, Jacobs NM:  Pyogenic infections in children with sickle hemoglobinopathy . J Pediatr 90:161-162, 1977;.
11 +
Austrian R, Gold J:  Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia . Ann Intern Med 60:759-776, 1964;.
12 +
Strauss E, Finland M:  Further studies on recurrences in pneumococcic pneumonia with special reference to the effect of specific treatment . Ann Intern Med 16:17-32, 1942;.
13 +
Wood WB Jr, Smith MR:  The inhibition of surface phagocytosis by the capsular "slime layer" of pneumococcus type III . J Exp Med 90:85-96, 1949;.
14 +
Dixon JMS, Lipinski AE, Graham MEP:  Detection and prevalence of pneumococci with increased resistance to penicillin . Can Med Assoc J 117:1159-1161, 1977;.
15 +
Coonrod JD, Wilson HD:  Etiologic diagnosis of intrapleural empyema by counterimmunoelectrophoresis . Am Rev Respir Dis 113:637-641, 1976;.
16 +
Finland M, Barnes MW:  Changing ecology of acute bacterial empyema: Occurrence and mortality in Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years from 1935 to 1972 . J Infect Dis 137:274-291, 1978;.
17 +
Anhalt JP, Yu PKW:  Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of pneumococcal antigens: Improved sensitivity for the detection of types VII and XIV . J Clin Microbiol 2:510-515, 1975;.
18 +
Ward JI, Siber GR, Scheifele DW, et al:  Rapid diagnosis of Hemophilus influenzae type b infections by latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis . J Pediatr 93:37-42, 1978;.
19 +
Robbins JB, Myerowitz RL, Whisnant JK, et al:  Enteric bacteria cross-reactive with Neisseria meningitidis groups A and C and Diplococcus pneumoniae types I and III . Infect Immun 6:651-656, 1972;.

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