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October 1974, Vol 128, No. 4 >
Article | October 1974

The Physician and Reading Problems FREE

Mary Graff, EdS; William E. Scott, MD; James A. Stehbens, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Received for publication Feb 12, 1974; accepted June 9.

Reprint requests to Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals, Iowa City, IA 52242 (Dr. Scott).


Am J Dis Child. 1974;128(4):516-520. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1974.02110290086015.
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References
Comments

The present review is intended to acquaint the practicing physician with current concepts of dyslexia. The literature indicates that the manifestations and cause of this disorder remain ambiguous, and the dyslexic child may never become completely free of reading difficulty. Nevertheless, appropriate pedagogic procedures are available that allow the child to acquire basic reading skills. Attention to emotional components of the problem is a necessary adjunct to remedial tuition. The physician can play an important role as a member of an interdisciplinary group in identifying dyslexic children and in making recommendations to the schools. He can also serve as a counselor to the dyslexic child and his family, informing them of the nature of the disorder, advising them of appropriate management, and offering them his support.

REFERENCES

1 +
Morgan WP:  A case of congenital word blindness . Br Med J 2:1378, 1896;.
Link to Article
2 +
Eisenberg L:  The epidemiology of reading retardation and a program for preventive intervention , in Money J (ed): The Disabled Reader . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1966;, pp 3-19.
3 +
Applebee AN:  Research in reading retardation: Two critical problems . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 12:91-113, 1971;.
Link to Article
4 +
Wilson RM: Diagnostic and Remedial Reading . Columbus, Ohio, Charles E Merrill Publishing Co Inc, 1967;, p 53.
5 +
Critchley M: The Dyslexic Child . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1970;.
6 +
Shearer RB:  Eye findings in children with reading difficulties . J Pediatr Ophthalmol 3:47-53, 1966;.
7 +
Eames TH:  Comparison of eye conditions among 1,000 reading failures, 500 ophthalmic patients and 150 unselected children . Am J Ophthalmol 31:713-717, 1948;.
8 +
Cassin B:  The eye and dyslexia . Am Orthopt J 19:136-142, 1969;.
9 +
Norn MS, Rindzuinski E, Skyvsgaard H:  Ophthalmologic and orthoptic examinations of dyslexics . Acta Ophthalmol 47:147-160, 1969;.
10 +
Bender L: A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Its Clinical Use . New York, American Orthopsychiatric Association, 1938;.
11 +
Mann L:  Perceptual training: Misdirections and redirections . Am J Orthopsychiatry 40:30-38, 1970;.
Link to Article
12 +
Benton AL:  Dyslexia in relation to form perception and directional sense , in Money J (ed): Reading Disability . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1962;, pp 87-95.
13 +
Flower RM:  Auditory disorders and reading disorders , in Flower RM, Gofman HF, Lawson LD (eds): Reading Disorders . Philadelphia, FA Davis Co, 1965;.
14 +
Dykstra R:  Auditory discrimination abilities and beginning reading achievement . Read Res Q 1:5-34, 1966;.
Link to Article
15 +
Blank M:  Cognitive processes in auditory discrimination in normal and retarded readers . Child Dev 39:1091-1102, 1968;.
Link to Article
16 +
Birch HG, Belmont L:  Auditory-visual integration in normal and retarded readers . Am J Orthopsychiatry 34:852-861, 1964;.
Link to Article
17 +
Muehl S, Kremanak S:  Ability to match information within and between auditory and visual sense modalities and subsequent reading achievement . J Educ Psychol 57:230-238, 1966;.
Link to Article
18 +
Berry JW:  Matching of auditory and visual stimuli by average and retarded readers . Child Dev 38:827-833, 1967;.
Link to Article
19 +
Fry MA, Johnson CS, Muehl S:  Oral language production in relation to reading achievement among select second graders , in Bakker DJ, Satz P (eds): Specific Reading Disability . Rotterdam, Netherlands, Rotterdam University Press, 1970;, pp 123-146.
20 +
Belmont L, Birch HG:  The intellectual profile of retarded readers . Percept Mot Skills 22:787-816, 1966;.
Link to Article
21 +
Kenny TJ, Clemmens RL, Cicci R, et al:  The medical evaluation of children with reading problems (dyslexia) . Pediatrics 49:438-442, 1972;.
22 +
Hermann K: Reading Disability . Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1959;.
23 +
Benton AL, Sahs AL:  Aspects of developmental dyslexia . Iowa Med Soc J 58:377-383, 1968;.
24 +
Sparrow S, Satz P:  Dyslexia, laterality, and neuropsychological development , in Bakker DJ, Sata P (eds): Specific Reading Disability . Rotterdam, Netherlands, Rotterdam University Press, 1970;, pp 41-60.
25 +
Zangwill OL: Cerebral Dominance and Its Relation to Psychological Function . Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, 1960;.
26 +
 The Doman-Delacato treatment of neurologically handicapped children . Arch Phys Med Rehab 49:183-186, 1968;.
27 +
Benton AL, Bird JW:  The EEG and reading disability . Am J Orthopsychiatry 33:529-531, 1963;.
Link to Article
28 +
Muehl S, Knott J, Benton AL:  EEG abnormality and psychological test performance in reading disability . Cortex 1:434-440, 1965;.
Link to Article
29 +
Rabinovitch R, Ingram W:  Neuropsychiatric considerations in reading retardation , in Natchez G (ed): Children With Reading Problems . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1968;, pp 144-150.
30 +
Hinshelwood J: Congenital Word Blindness . London, HK Lewis & Co Ltd, 1917;.
31 +
Jordan TE:  Early developmental adversity and classroom learning: A prospective inquiry . Am J Ment Defic 69:360-371, 1964;.
32 +
Bakker DJ, Satz P (eds): Specific Reading Disability . Rotterdam, Netherlands, Rotterdam University Press, 1970;.
33 +
Vernon MD: Reading and Its Difficulties . London, Cambridge University Press, 1971;.
34 +
Hallgren B:  Specific dyslexia . Acta Psychiatr Neurol [ (Suppl) ] 65:1-287, 1950;.
35 +
Delacato CH: The Treatment and Prevention of Reading Problems: The Neuropsychological Approach . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1959;.
36 +
Frostig MH: The Frostig Program for the Development of Visual Perception . Chicago, Follett Publishing Co, 1964;.
37 +
Kephart N: The Slow Learner in the Classroom . Columbus, Ohio, Charles E Merrill Publishing Co Inc, 1971;.
38 +
Balow B:  Perceptual-motor activities in the treatment of severe reading disability . The Reading Teacher 24:513-525, 1971;.
39 +
Robbins MP, Class G:  The Doman-Delacato rationale: A critical analysis , in Hellmuth J (ed): Educational Therapy . Seattle, Special Child Publications, 1968;, vol 2, pp 321-377.
40 +
Ad Hoc Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, and the American Association of Ophthalmology:  The eye and learning disabilities . Am Acad Pediatr Newsletter , (suppl) , Jan 1, 1972;.
41 +
Money J (ed): The Disabled Reader . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1966;.
42 +
Franklin AW, Naidoo S: Assessment and Teaching of Dyslexic Children . London, Invalid Children's Aid Assoc, 1970;.
43 +
Bond GL, Fay LC:  A report of the University of Minnesota reading clinic . J Educ Psychol 43:385-390, 1950;.
44 +
Bleismer ET:  Evaluating progress in remedial reading programs . The Reading Teacher 15:344-350, 1962;.
45 +
Lovell K, Byrne C, Richardson B:  A further study of the educational progress of children who had received remedial instruction . Br J Educ Psychol 33:3-9, 1963;.
Link to Article
46 +
Johnson LR, Platts D:  A summary of a study of the reading ages of children who had been given remedial teaching . Br J Educ Psychol 32:66-71, 1962;.
Link to Article
47 +
Balow B:  The long term effect of remedial reading instruction . The Reading Teacher 18:581-586, 1965;.
48 +
Muehl S, Forell ER:  A followup study of disabled readers: Variables related to high school reading performance . Read Res Q 8:110-123, 1973;.
Link to Article
49 +
Snyder RD, Mortimer J:  Diagnosis and treatment: Dyslexia . Pediatrics 44:601-605, 1969;.
50 +
Jastak JF, Bijou SW, Jastak SR: Wide Range Achievement Test . Wilmington, Del, Guidance Assoc, 1965;.

Figures

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Morgan WP:  A case of congenital word blindness . Br Med J 2:1378, 1896;.
Link to Article
2 +
Eisenberg L:  The epidemiology of reading retardation and a program for preventive intervention , in Money J (ed): The Disabled Reader . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1966;, pp 3-19.
3 +
Applebee AN:  Research in reading retardation: Two critical problems . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 12:91-113, 1971;.
Link to Article
4 +
Wilson RM: Diagnostic and Remedial Reading . Columbus, Ohio, Charles E Merrill Publishing Co Inc, 1967;, p 53.
5 +
Critchley M: The Dyslexic Child . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1970;.
6 +
Shearer RB:  Eye findings in children with reading difficulties . J Pediatr Ophthalmol 3:47-53, 1966;.
7 +
Eames TH:  Comparison of eye conditions among 1,000 reading failures, 500 ophthalmic patients and 150 unselected children . Am J Ophthalmol 31:713-717, 1948;.
8 +
Cassin B:  The eye and dyslexia . Am Orthopt J 19:136-142, 1969;.
9 +
Norn MS, Rindzuinski E, Skyvsgaard H:  Ophthalmologic and orthoptic examinations of dyslexics . Acta Ophthalmol 47:147-160, 1969;.
10 +
Bender L: A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Its Clinical Use . New York, American Orthopsychiatric Association, 1938;.
11 +
Mann L:  Perceptual training: Misdirections and redirections . Am J Orthopsychiatry 40:30-38, 1970;.
Link to Article
12 +
Benton AL:  Dyslexia in relation to form perception and directional sense , in Money J (ed): Reading Disability . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1962;, pp 87-95.
13 +
Flower RM:  Auditory disorders and reading disorders , in Flower RM, Gofman HF, Lawson LD (eds): Reading Disorders . Philadelphia, FA Davis Co, 1965;.
14 +
Dykstra R:  Auditory discrimination abilities and beginning reading achievement . Read Res Q 1:5-34, 1966;.
Link to Article
15 +
Blank M:  Cognitive processes in auditory discrimination in normal and retarded readers . Child Dev 39:1091-1102, 1968;.
Link to Article
16 +
Birch HG, Belmont L:  Auditory-visual integration in normal and retarded readers . Am J Orthopsychiatry 34:852-861, 1964;.
Link to Article
17 +
Muehl S, Kremanak S:  Ability to match information within and between auditory and visual sense modalities and subsequent reading achievement . J Educ Psychol 57:230-238, 1966;.
Link to Article
18 +
Berry JW:  Matching of auditory and visual stimuli by average and retarded readers . Child Dev 38:827-833, 1967;.
Link to Article
19 +
Fry MA, Johnson CS, Muehl S:  Oral language production in relation to reading achievement among select second graders , in Bakker DJ, Satz P (eds): Specific Reading Disability . Rotterdam, Netherlands, Rotterdam University Press, 1970;, pp 123-146.
20 +
Belmont L, Birch HG:  The intellectual profile of retarded readers . Percept Mot Skills 22:787-816, 1966;.
Link to Article
21 +
Kenny TJ, Clemmens RL, Cicci R, et al:  The medical evaluation of children with reading problems (dyslexia) . Pediatrics 49:438-442, 1972;.
22 +
Hermann K: Reading Disability . Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1959;.
23 +
Benton AL, Sahs AL:  Aspects of developmental dyslexia . Iowa Med Soc J 58:377-383, 1968;.
24 +
Sparrow S, Satz P:  Dyslexia, laterality, and neuropsychological development , in Bakker DJ, Sata P (eds): Specific Reading Disability . Rotterdam, Netherlands, Rotterdam University Press, 1970;, pp 41-60.
25 +
Zangwill OL: Cerebral Dominance and Its Relation to Psychological Function . Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, 1960;.
26 +
 The Doman-Delacato treatment of neurologically handicapped children . Arch Phys Med Rehab 49:183-186, 1968;.
27 +
Benton AL, Bird JW:  The EEG and reading disability . Am J Orthopsychiatry 33:529-531, 1963;.
Link to Article
28 +
Muehl S, Knott J, Benton AL:  EEG abnormality and psychological test performance in reading disability . Cortex 1:434-440, 1965;.
Link to Article
29 +
Rabinovitch R, Ingram W:  Neuropsychiatric considerations in reading retardation , in Natchez G (ed): Children With Reading Problems . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1968;, pp 144-150.
30 +
Hinshelwood J: Congenital Word Blindness . London, HK Lewis & Co Ltd, 1917;.
31 +
Jordan TE:  Early developmental adversity and classroom learning: A prospective inquiry . Am J Ment Defic 69:360-371, 1964;.
32 +
Bakker DJ, Satz P (eds): Specific Reading Disability . Rotterdam, Netherlands, Rotterdam University Press, 1970;.
33 +
Vernon MD: Reading and Its Difficulties . London, Cambridge University Press, 1971;.
34 +
Hallgren B:  Specific dyslexia . Acta Psychiatr Neurol [ (Suppl) ] 65:1-287, 1950;.
35 +
Delacato CH: The Treatment and Prevention of Reading Problems: The Neuropsychological Approach . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1959;.
36 +
Frostig MH: The Frostig Program for the Development of Visual Perception . Chicago, Follett Publishing Co, 1964;.
37 +
Kephart N: The Slow Learner in the Classroom . Columbus, Ohio, Charles E Merrill Publishing Co Inc, 1971;.
38 +
Balow B:  Perceptual-motor activities in the treatment of severe reading disability . The Reading Teacher 24:513-525, 1971;.
39 +
Robbins MP, Class G:  The Doman-Delacato rationale: A critical analysis , in Hellmuth J (ed): Educational Therapy . Seattle, Special Child Publications, 1968;, vol 2, pp 321-377.
40 +
Ad Hoc Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, and the American Association of Ophthalmology:  The eye and learning disabilities . Am Acad Pediatr Newsletter , (suppl) , Jan 1, 1972;.
41 +
Money J (ed): The Disabled Reader . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1966;.
42 +
Franklin AW, Naidoo S: Assessment and Teaching of Dyslexic Children . London, Invalid Children's Aid Assoc, 1970;.
43 +
Bond GL, Fay LC:  A report of the University of Minnesota reading clinic . J Educ Psychol 43:385-390, 1950;.
44 +
Bleismer ET:  Evaluating progress in remedial reading programs . The Reading Teacher 15:344-350, 1962;.
45 +
Lovell K, Byrne C, Richardson B:  A further study of the educational progress of children who had received remedial instruction . Br J Educ Psychol 33:3-9, 1963;.
Link to Article
46 +
Johnson LR, Platts D:  A summary of a study of the reading ages of children who had been given remedial teaching . Br J Educ Psychol 32:66-71, 1962;.
Link to Article
47 +
Balow B:  The long term effect of remedial reading instruction . The Reading Teacher 18:581-586, 1965;.
48 +
Muehl S, Forell ER:  A followup study of disabled readers: Variables related to high school reading performance . Read Res Q 8:110-123, 1973;.
Link to Article
49 +
Snyder RD, Mortimer J:  Diagnosis and treatment: Dyslexia . Pediatrics 44:601-605, 1969;.
50 +
Jastak JF, Bijou SW, Jastak SR: Wide Range Achievement Test . Wilmington, Del, Guidance Assoc, 1965;.

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