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May 1974, Vol 127, No. 5 >
Article | May 1974

Intellectual Development in Shunted Hydrocephalic Children FREE

Anthony J. Raimondi, MD; Pegeen Soare, MA
[+] Author Affiliations

Received for publication Sept 17, 1973; accepted Dec 10.

Reprint requests to 2300 Children's PI, Chicago 60614 (Dr. Raimondi).


Am J Dis Child. 1974;127(5):664-671. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1974.02110240050005.
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References
Comments

The intelligence of 200 shunted hydrocephalic children was studied prospectively.

The following diagnostic categories were used: (1) simple internal hydrocephalus; (2) internal hydrocephalus in the child with meningomyelocele; (3) internal hydrocephalus associated with porencephaly; (4) external hydrocephalus; (5) the Dandy-Walker cyst.

The group with meningomyelocele was brightest and the group with porencephaly the dullest; whites scored higher than blacks.

The following groups were found to be of normal intelligence: white patients with internal hydrocephalusand with meningomyelocele, and black patients with meningomyelocele and with external hydrocephalus. Intelligence quotient was found to be unrelated either to number of shunt revisions or severity of hydrocephalus prior to initial surgery, but was related to age at initial shunt placement and shunt function. Children with internal hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus with meningomyelocele whose shunts were kept functioning were found to be of normal intelligence.

REFERENCES

1 +
Nulsen F, Spitz EB:  Treatment of hydrocephalus by direct shunt from ventricles to jugular vein . Surg Forum 2:399-403, 1951;.
2 +
Hagberg B, Sjörgen I:  The chronic brain syndrome of infantile hydrocephalus . Am J Dis Child 112:189-196, 1966;.
3 +
Hadenius AM, et al:  The natural prognosis of infantile hydrocephalus . Acta Paediatr Scand 51:117-118, 1962;.
4 +
Yashon D, Sugar O:  Today's problems in hydrocephalus . Arch Dis Child 39:58-60, 1964;.
5 +
Lorber J, Zachary R:  Primary congenital hydrocephalus . Arch Dis Child 43:516-527, 1968;.
6 +
Foltz E, Shurtleff D:  Five-year comparative study of hydrocephalus in children with and without operation (113 cases) . J Neurosurg 20:1064-1078, 1963;.
7 +
Yashon D, Jane J, Sugar O:  The course of severe untreated infantile hydrocephalus . J Neurosurg 23:509-516, 1965;.
8 +
Laurence K, Coates S:  The natural history of hydrocephalus: Detailed analysis of 182 unoperated cases . Arch Dis Child 37:345-362, 1962;.
9 +
Lorber J:  The results of early treatment of extreme hydrocephalus . Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 16:21-29, 1968;.
10 +
Badell-Ribera A, Shulman K, Paddock N:  The relationship of nonprogressive hydrocephalus to intellectual functioning in children with spina bifida cystica . Pediatrics 37:787-793, 1966;.
11 +
Shuey AM: The Testing of Negro Intelligence . New York, Social Science Press, 1966;.
12 +
Scarr-Salapatek S:  Race, social class and IQ . Science 174:1285-1295, 1971;.
13 +
Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Jarvick LF:  Genetics and intelligence, a review . Science 142:1477-1479, 1963;.
14 +
Eysenck HJ: Race, Intelligence and Education . New York, Library Press, 1971;.
15 +
Eckland BK:  Social class structure and the genetic basis of intelligence , in Cancro R (ed): Intelligence . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1971;, pp 65-76.
16 +
Burt C:  Intelligence and social mobility . Brit J Stat Psychol 14:3-24, 1961;.
17 +
Bodmer WF, Cavalli-Sforza LL:  Intelligence and race . Sci Am 223:19-29, 1970;.
18 +
Skodak M, Skeels HM:  A final follow-up study of 100 adopted children . J Genet Psychol 75:85-128, 1949;.
19 +
Thompson WR:  Some problems in the genetic study of personality and intelligence , in Hirsch J (ed): Behavior-Genetic Analysis . New York, McGraw-Hill, 1967;, pp 344-365.
20 +
Raimondi AJ, White H:  Cerebral angiography in the newborn and infant: I. General principles . Ann Radiol 10:146-165, 1967;.
21 +
Raimondi AJ: Pediatric Neuroradiology . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1972;.
22 +
Raimondi AJ, Torres H, Yarzagaray L:  Angiographic diagnosis of hydrocephalus in the newborn . J Neurosurg 31:550, 1969;.
23 +
Raimondi AJ:  Hydrocephalus and the congenital anomalies associated with it: Angiographic diagnosis . Semin Roentgenol 6:111-125, 1971;.
24 +
Fuller J, Thompson W: Behavior Genetics . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1960;.
25 +
Deutsch M, Katz I, Jensen A: Social Class, Race and Psychological Development . New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc, 1968;.
26 +
Winer BJ: Statistical Principles in Experimental Design , ed 2. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1971;.
27 +
Higgins C, Sivers C:  A comparison of Stanford-Binet and colored Ravens progressive matrices IQs for children with low socio-economic status . J Consulting Clin Psychol 20:465-468, 1958;.
28 +
Kennedy W, Van de Riet V, White J Jr:  A normative sample of intelligence and achievement of negro elementary school children in the southeastern United States . Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 28:112, 1963;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Nulsen F, Spitz EB:  Treatment of hydrocephalus by direct shunt from ventricles to jugular vein . Surg Forum 2:399-403, 1951;.
2 +
Hagberg B, Sjörgen I:  The chronic brain syndrome of infantile hydrocephalus . Am J Dis Child 112:189-196, 1966;.
3 +
Hadenius AM, et al:  The natural prognosis of infantile hydrocephalus . Acta Paediatr Scand 51:117-118, 1962;.
4 +
Yashon D, Sugar O:  Today's problems in hydrocephalus . Arch Dis Child 39:58-60, 1964;.
5 +
Lorber J, Zachary R:  Primary congenital hydrocephalus . Arch Dis Child 43:516-527, 1968;.
6 +
Foltz E, Shurtleff D:  Five-year comparative study of hydrocephalus in children with and without operation (113 cases) . J Neurosurg 20:1064-1078, 1963;.
7 +
Yashon D, Jane J, Sugar O:  The course of severe untreated infantile hydrocephalus . J Neurosurg 23:509-516, 1965;.
8 +
Laurence K, Coates S:  The natural history of hydrocephalus: Detailed analysis of 182 unoperated cases . Arch Dis Child 37:345-362, 1962;.
9 +
Lorber J:  The results of early treatment of extreme hydrocephalus . Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 16:21-29, 1968;.
10 +
Badell-Ribera A, Shulman K, Paddock N:  The relationship of nonprogressive hydrocephalus to intellectual functioning in children with spina bifida cystica . Pediatrics 37:787-793, 1966;.
11 +
Shuey AM: The Testing of Negro Intelligence . New York, Social Science Press, 1966;.
12 +
Scarr-Salapatek S:  Race, social class and IQ . Science 174:1285-1295, 1971;.
13 +
Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Jarvick LF:  Genetics and intelligence, a review . Science 142:1477-1479, 1963;.
14 +
Eysenck HJ: Race, Intelligence and Education . New York, Library Press, 1971;.
15 +
Eckland BK:  Social class structure and the genetic basis of intelligence , in Cancro R (ed): Intelligence . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1971;, pp 65-76.
16 +
Burt C:  Intelligence and social mobility . Brit J Stat Psychol 14:3-24, 1961;.
17 +
Bodmer WF, Cavalli-Sforza LL:  Intelligence and race . Sci Am 223:19-29, 1970;.
18 +
Skodak M, Skeels HM:  A final follow-up study of 100 adopted children . J Genet Psychol 75:85-128, 1949;.
19 +
Thompson WR:  Some problems in the genetic study of personality and intelligence , in Hirsch J (ed): Behavior-Genetic Analysis . New York, McGraw-Hill, 1967;, pp 344-365.
20 +
Raimondi AJ, White H:  Cerebral angiography in the newborn and infant: I. General principles . Ann Radiol 10:146-165, 1967;.
21 +
Raimondi AJ: Pediatric Neuroradiology . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1972;.
22 +
Raimondi AJ, Torres H, Yarzagaray L:  Angiographic diagnosis of hydrocephalus in the newborn . J Neurosurg 31:550, 1969;.
23 +
Raimondi AJ:  Hydrocephalus and the congenital anomalies associated with it: Angiographic diagnosis . Semin Roentgenol 6:111-125, 1971;.
24 +
Fuller J, Thompson W: Behavior Genetics . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1960;.
25 +
Deutsch M, Katz I, Jensen A: Social Class, Race and Psychological Development . New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc, 1968;.
26 +
Winer BJ: Statistical Principles in Experimental Design , ed 2. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1971;.
27 +
Higgins C, Sivers C:  A comparison of Stanford-Binet and colored Ravens progressive matrices IQs for children with low socio-economic status . J Consulting Clin Psychol 20:465-468, 1958;.
28 +
Kennedy W, Van de Riet V, White J Jr:  A normative sample of intelligence and achievement of negro elementary school children in the southeastern United States . Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 28:112, 1963;.

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