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April 1972, Vol 123, No. 4 >
Article | April 1972

Australia Antigen, Posttransfusion Hepatitis, and the Chronic Carrier State FREE

Alton I. Sutnick, MD; W. Thomas London, MD; Baruch S. Blumberg, MD, PhD; Alberto Vierucci, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase, Philadelphia 19111 (Dr. Sutnick).


Am J Dis Child. 1972;123(4):392-400. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110100124047.
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Article
References
Comments

There are now a variety of data bearing upon the question of whether Australia antigen (Au) is an infectious agent which causes hepatitis.

  1. The association of Australia antigen with acute hepatitis is established and has been supported and confirmed by many throughout the world (Table 1).1-17

  2. Australia antigen is associated with chronic hepatitis with an overall frequency of nearly 20% (Table 2).3,7,8,13,16,18-27

  3. Australia antigen is distributed in institutions in a pattern expected for an infectious agent. For example, in large institutions for the mentally retarded (over 1,000 population) Australia antigen is found with Down's syndrome in a frequency of about 30%.28 In small institutions (under 50 population) it occurs in only 3%, whereas in Down's syndrome patients who live at home, Australia antigen has not been found to occur.

  4. In Down's syndrome Au is associated with abnormalities of liver function28,29 and inflammatory abnormalities on liver biopsy.30

REFERENCES

1 +
Blumberg BS, Gerstley BJS, Hungerford DA, et al:  A serum antigen (Australia antigen) in Down's syndrome, leukemia and hepatitis . Ann Intern Med 66:924-931, 1967;.
2 +
Blumberg BS, Sutnick AI, London WT:  Hepatitis and leukemia: Their relation to Australia antigen . Bull NY Acad Med 44:1566-1586, 1968;.
3 +
Okochi K, Murakami S:  Observations on Australia antigen in Japanese . Vox Sang 15:374-385, 1968;.
4 +
Vierucci A, Bianchini AM, Morgese G, et al:  L'antigen Australia: I. Rapporti con l'epatite infettiva e da siero: Una ricerca in pazienti pediatrici . Pediat Int 18:3-11, 1968;.
5 +
Prince AM:  An antigen detected in the blood during the incubation period of serum hepatitis . Proc Nat Acad Sci 60:814, 1968;.
6 +
Hirschman RJ, Shulman NR, Barker LF, et al:  Virus-like particles in sera of patients with infectious and serum hepatitis . JAMA 208:1667-1670, 1969;.
7 +
Gocke DJ, Kavey NB:  Hepatitis antigen: Correlation with disease and infectivity of blood donors . Lancet 1:1055-1059, 1969;.
8 +
Wright R, McCollum RW, Klatskin G:  Australia antigen in acute and chronic liver disease . Lancet 2:117-121, 1969;.
9 +
Cossart Y, Taylor PE, Vahrman J, et al:  Australia-SH antigen in hepatitis patients in London . Brit Med J 3:755-756, 1969;.
10 +
Nordenfelt E, Kjellén L:  Presence and persistence of Australia antigen in a Swedish hepatitis series . Acta Path Microbiol Scand 77:489-494, 1969;.
11 +
Soulier JP, Courouce-Pauty AM, Benamon-Djiane D:  Recherche de l'Antigene Australie et de L'anticorps correspondant . Presse Med 78:487-490, 1970;.
12 +
Cossart YE, Vahrman J:  Studies of Australia-SH antigen in sporadic viral hepatitis in London . Brit Med J 1:403-405, 1970;.
13 +
Krassnitzky O, Pesendorfer F, Wewalka F:  Australia/SH-Antigen und Le bererkrrankungen . Deutsch Med Wschr 95:249-253, 1970;.
14 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Millman I, et al:  Viral hepatitis: Revised concepts as a result of the study of Australia antigen . Med Clin N Amer 54:805-817, 1970;.
15 +
Bals M, Bocirnea C, Hagiescu L:  Australia antigen in Rumania . Lancet 1:194, 1970;.
16 +
Guardia J, Bacardi R, Gras J:  Australia antigen in Spain . Lancet 1:1007, 1970;.
17 +
Prince AM, Hargrove RL, Szmuness W, et al:  Immunologic distinction between infectious and serum hepatitis . New Eng J Med 282:987-991, 1970;.
18 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Blumberg BS:  Australia antigen and the quest for a hepatitis virus . Amer J Dig Dis 14:189-194, 1969;.
19 +
Gitnick GL, Gleich GJ, Schoenfield LJ, et al:  Australia antigen in chronic active liver disease and cirrhosis . Lancet 2:285-288, 1969;.
20 +
Vierucci A, Scalise G, Bianchini AM, et al:  L'antigene Australia: III. Presenza in Pazienti con epatite cronica . Pediat Int 17:1-8, 1968;.
21 +
Velasco M, Katz R:  Hepatitis-associated antigen in chronic liver disease . Lancet 1:779, 1970;.
22 +
Reinicke V, Nordenfelt E:  Hepatitis-associated antigen in chronic liver disease . Lancet 1:141-142, 1970;.
23 +
Mathews JD, MacKay IR:  Australia antigen in chronic hepatitis in Australia . Brit Med J 1:259-261, 1970;.
24 +
Krech U, Sonnabende W, Jung M:  Detection of Australia antigen (Au/Ag/SH) in serum of healthy and disease subjects in Switzerland . Schweiz Med Wschr 101:649-652, 1970;.
25 +
Wright R:  Australia antigen and smooth-muscle antibody in acute and chronic hepatitis . Lancet 1:521-522, 1970;.
26 +
Fox RA, Niazi SP, Sherlock S:  Hepatitis-associated antigen in chronic liver disease . Lancet 2:609-612, 1969;.
27 +
Sherlock S, Fox RA, Niazi SP, et al:  Chronic liver disease and primary liver-cell cancer with hepatitis-associated (Australia antigen) in serum . Lancet 1:1243, 1970;.
28 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Gerstley BJS, et al:  Anicteric hepatitis associated with Australia antigen: Occurrence in patients with Down's syndrome . JAMA 205:670-674, 1968;.
29 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Gerstley BJS, et al:  Persistent anicteric hepatitis in patients with Down's syndrome and Australia antigen . Amer J Clin Path 57:2-12, 1972;.
30 +
Blumberg BS, Gerstley BJS, Sutnick AI, et al:  Australia antigen, hepatitis virus and Down's syndrome . Ann NY Acad Sci 171:486-499, 1970;.
31 +
Bayer ME, Blumberg BS, Werner B:  Particles associated with Australia antigen in the sera of patients with leukemia, Down's syndrome and hepatitis . Nature 318:1057-1059, 1968;.
32 +
McCollum RW:  The size of serum hepatitis virus . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 81:157-160, 1952;.
33 +
Millman I, Zavatone V, Gerstley BJS, et al:  Australia antigen detected in the nuclei of liver cells of patients with viral hepatitis detected by fluorescent antibody technique . Nature 222:181-184, 1969;.
34 +
Józwiak W, Koscielak J, Madalinski K, et al:  RNA of Australia antigen . Nature 229:92-94, 1971;.
35 +
Sutnick AI, Millman I, London WT, et al: The role of Australia antigen in viral hepatitis and other diseases. Ann Rev Med, to be published.
36 +
Coyne VE, Blumberg BS, Millman I:  Detection of Australia antigen in human tissue culture preparations . Proc: Soc Exp Biol Med 138:1051-1057, 1971;.
37 +
London WT, Millman I, Sutnick AI, et al:  Transmission, replication, and passage of Australia antigen in African green monkeys (vervets) , abstracted. Clin Res 18:536, 1970;.
38 +
Okochi K, Murakami S, Ninomiya K, et al:  Australia antigen, transfusion and hepatitis . Vox Sang 18:289-300, 1970;.
39 +
Gocke DJ, Greenberg HB, Kavey NB:  Correlation of Australia antigen with post-transfusion hepatitis . JAMA 212:877-879, 1970;.
40 +
Blumberg BS, Sutnick AI, London WT, et al:  Current status of the Australia antigen viral hepatitis studies , abstracted. Gastroenterology 56:1212, 1969;.
41 +
Goeser E, Dahlke MB, London WT, et al:  Reduced hepatitis after blood transfusion by Australia antigen testing of donor blood , abstracted. Ann Intern Med 74:834, 1971;.
42 +
Goldfield M: Progress report on hepatitis studies in New Jersey. Read before the Third Annual Meeting, Society for Epidemiologic Research, Minneapolis, Minn, 1970.
43 +
Holland PV, Walsh JH, Morrow AG, et al:  Failure of Australia antibody to prevent post-transfusion hepatitis . Lancet 2:553-555, 1969;.
44 +
Barker LF, Shulman R, Murray R, et al:  Transmission of serum hepatitis . JAMA 211:1509-1512, 1970;.
45 +
Hampers CL, Prager D, Senior JR:  Post-transfusion anicteric hepatitis . New Eng J Med 271:747-754, 1964;.
46 +
London WT, Sutnick AI, Blumberg BS:  Australia antigen and acute viral hepatitis . Ann Intern Med 70:55-59, 1969;.
47 +
Grob PJ, Jemelka H:  Faecal S.H. (Australia) antigen in acute hepatitis . Lancet 1:206-208, 1971;.
48 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Millman I, et al:  Ergasteric hepatitis: Endemic hepatitis associated with Australia antigen in a research laboratory . Ann Intern Med 75:35-40, 1971;.
49 +
Blumberg BS, London WT, Sutnick AI:  Australia antigen as a hepatitis virus: Variation in host response . Amer J Med 48:1-8, 1970;.
50 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Blumberg BS, et al:  Australia antigen (a hepatitis associated antigen) in leukemia . J Nat Cancer Inst 44:1241-1249, 1970;.
51 +
Blumberg BS, Melartin L, Lechat M, et al:  Association between lepromatous leprosy and Australia antigen . Lancet 2:173-176, 1967;.
52 +
Blumberg BS, Melartin L:  Australia antigen and lepromatous leprosy: Studies in South India and elsewhere . Int J Leprosy 38:60-67, 1970;.
53 +
London WT, DiFiglia M, Sutnick AI, et al:  An epidemic of hepatitis in a chronic hemodialysis unit: Australia antigen and differences in host response . New Eng J Med 281:571-578, 1969;.
54 +
Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S:  A "new" antigen in leukemia sera . JAMA 191:541-546, 1965;.
55 +
Blumberg BS, London WT, Sutnick AI, et al:  Australia antigen, hepatitis and susceptibility to leukemia , in Dutcher RM (ed): Comparative Leukemia Research . Basel, Switzerland, S. Karger AG, 1970;, pp 659-677.
56 +
Sutnick AI, Cerda JJ, Toskes PP, et al:  Australia antigen and viral hepatitis in drug users . Arch Intern Med 127:939-941, 1971;.
57 +
Blumberg BS, Melartin L, Guinto RA, et al:  Family studies of a human serum isoantigen system (Australia antigen) . Amer J Hum Genet 18:594-608, 1966;.
58 +
Blumberg BS, Friedlaender JS, Woodside A, et al:  Hepatitis and Australia antigen: Autosomal recessive inheritance of susceptibility to infection in humans . Proc Nat Acad Sci 62:1108-1115, 1969;.
59 +
Ceppellini R, Bedarida G, Carbonara AO, et al:  High frequency and family clustering of Au antigen in some Italian populations. Atti Conv. Farmital (Au Antigen), Turin, Italy . Minerva Med 61:53-74, 1970;.
60 +
Melartin L, Panelius M:  Occurrence of Australia antigen in Finnish Mongolism patients . Ann Med Exp Fenn 45:157-158, 1969;.
61 +
Kobayashi N, Hayakawa H, Yoshino K, et al:  Immunopathological view about Down's syndrome . Saishin Igaku 24:332-336, 1969;.
62 +
Hayashi H, LoGrippo GA:  Australia antigenemia in institutional children seven years after infectious hepatitis , abstracted. Fed Proc 29:285, 1970;.
63 +
Krugman S, Giles JP:  Viral hepatitis: New light on an old disease . JAMA 212:1019-1029, 1970;.
64 +
Szmuness W, Pick R, Prince AM:  The serum hepatitis virus specific antigen (SH): A preliminary report of epidemiologic studies in an institution for the mentally retarded . Amer J Epidem 92:51-61, 1970;.
65 +
Vierucci A., Ragazzini F:  Australia antigen and antibodies: A study in Italian patients . Folia Allerg 17:534-537, 1970;.
66 +
Hollinger FB, Goyal RK, Hersh T, et al:  Antibody to Australia antigen in Down's syndrome detected by passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay techniques . Gastroenterology 60:677, 1971;.
67 +
Sutnick AI, LondonWT, Blumberg BS, et al:  Susceptibility to leukemia immunologic factors in Down's syndrome . J Nat Cancer Inst 47:923-933, 1971;.
68 +
Agarwal SS, Blumberg BS, Gerstley BJS, et al:  DNA polymerase activity as an index of lymphocyte stimulation; studies in Down's syndrome . J Clin Invest 49:161-169, 1970;.
69 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Blumberg BS:  Effects of host and environment on immunoglobulins in Down's syndrome . Arch Intern Med 124:722-725, 1969;.
70 +
Sutnick AI, Levine P, London WT, et al:  Frequency of Australia antigen in patients with leukemia from different countries . Lancet 1:1200-1202, 1971;.
71 +
Blumberg BS, Sutnick AI, London WT, et al: Sex distribution of Australia antigen. Arch Intern Med, to be published.
72 +
Vierucci A, Raggazzini F, Borgatta L, et al:  Australia antigen and antibody in Italian patients with thalassemia , abstracted. Clin Res 19:434, 1971;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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References

1 +
Blumberg BS, Gerstley BJS, Hungerford DA, et al:  A serum antigen (Australia antigen) in Down's syndrome, leukemia and hepatitis . Ann Intern Med 66:924-931, 1967;.
2 +
Blumberg BS, Sutnick AI, London WT:  Hepatitis and leukemia: Their relation to Australia antigen . Bull NY Acad Med 44:1566-1586, 1968;.
3 +
Okochi K, Murakami S:  Observations on Australia antigen in Japanese . Vox Sang 15:374-385, 1968;.
4 +
Vierucci A, Bianchini AM, Morgese G, et al:  L'antigen Australia: I. Rapporti con l'epatite infettiva e da siero: Una ricerca in pazienti pediatrici . Pediat Int 18:3-11, 1968;.
5 +
Prince AM:  An antigen detected in the blood during the incubation period of serum hepatitis . Proc Nat Acad Sci 60:814, 1968;.
6 +
Hirschman RJ, Shulman NR, Barker LF, et al:  Virus-like particles in sera of patients with infectious and serum hepatitis . JAMA 208:1667-1670, 1969;.
7 +
Gocke DJ, Kavey NB:  Hepatitis antigen: Correlation with disease and infectivity of blood donors . Lancet 1:1055-1059, 1969;.
8 +
Wright R, McCollum RW, Klatskin G:  Australia antigen in acute and chronic liver disease . Lancet 2:117-121, 1969;.
9 +
Cossart Y, Taylor PE, Vahrman J, et al:  Australia-SH antigen in hepatitis patients in London . Brit Med J 3:755-756, 1969;.
10 +
Nordenfelt E, Kjellén L:  Presence and persistence of Australia antigen in a Swedish hepatitis series . Acta Path Microbiol Scand 77:489-494, 1969;.
11 +
Soulier JP, Courouce-Pauty AM, Benamon-Djiane D:  Recherche de l'Antigene Australie et de L'anticorps correspondant . Presse Med 78:487-490, 1970;.
12 +
Cossart YE, Vahrman J:  Studies of Australia-SH antigen in sporadic viral hepatitis in London . Brit Med J 1:403-405, 1970;.
13 +
Krassnitzky O, Pesendorfer F, Wewalka F:  Australia/SH-Antigen und Le bererkrrankungen . Deutsch Med Wschr 95:249-253, 1970;.
14 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Millman I, et al:  Viral hepatitis: Revised concepts as a result of the study of Australia antigen . Med Clin N Amer 54:805-817, 1970;.
15 +
Bals M, Bocirnea C, Hagiescu L:  Australia antigen in Rumania . Lancet 1:194, 1970;.
16 +
Guardia J, Bacardi R, Gras J:  Australia antigen in Spain . Lancet 1:1007, 1970;.
17 +
Prince AM, Hargrove RL, Szmuness W, et al:  Immunologic distinction between infectious and serum hepatitis . New Eng J Med 282:987-991, 1970;.
18 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Blumberg BS:  Australia antigen and the quest for a hepatitis virus . Amer J Dig Dis 14:189-194, 1969;.
19 +
Gitnick GL, Gleich GJ, Schoenfield LJ, et al:  Australia antigen in chronic active liver disease and cirrhosis . Lancet 2:285-288, 1969;.
20 +
Vierucci A, Scalise G, Bianchini AM, et al:  L'antigene Australia: III. Presenza in Pazienti con epatite cronica . Pediat Int 17:1-8, 1968;.
21 +
Velasco M, Katz R:  Hepatitis-associated antigen in chronic liver disease . Lancet 1:779, 1970;.
22 +
Reinicke V, Nordenfelt E:  Hepatitis-associated antigen in chronic liver disease . Lancet 1:141-142, 1970;.
23 +
Mathews JD, MacKay IR:  Australia antigen in chronic hepatitis in Australia . Brit Med J 1:259-261, 1970;.
24 +
Krech U, Sonnabende W, Jung M:  Detection of Australia antigen (Au/Ag/SH) in serum of healthy and disease subjects in Switzerland . Schweiz Med Wschr 101:649-652, 1970;.
25 +
Wright R:  Australia antigen and smooth-muscle antibody in acute and chronic hepatitis . Lancet 1:521-522, 1970;.
26 +
Fox RA, Niazi SP, Sherlock S:  Hepatitis-associated antigen in chronic liver disease . Lancet 2:609-612, 1969;.
27 +
Sherlock S, Fox RA, Niazi SP, et al:  Chronic liver disease and primary liver-cell cancer with hepatitis-associated (Australia antigen) in serum . Lancet 1:1243, 1970;.
28 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Gerstley BJS, et al:  Anicteric hepatitis associated with Australia antigen: Occurrence in patients with Down's syndrome . JAMA 205:670-674, 1968;.
29 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Gerstley BJS, et al:  Persistent anicteric hepatitis in patients with Down's syndrome and Australia antigen . Amer J Clin Path 57:2-12, 1972;.
30 +
Blumberg BS, Gerstley BJS, Sutnick AI, et al:  Australia antigen, hepatitis virus and Down's syndrome . Ann NY Acad Sci 171:486-499, 1970;.
31 +
Bayer ME, Blumberg BS, Werner B:  Particles associated with Australia antigen in the sera of patients with leukemia, Down's syndrome and hepatitis . Nature 318:1057-1059, 1968;.
32 +
McCollum RW:  The size of serum hepatitis virus . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 81:157-160, 1952;.
33 +
Millman I, Zavatone V, Gerstley BJS, et al:  Australia antigen detected in the nuclei of liver cells of patients with viral hepatitis detected by fluorescent antibody technique . Nature 222:181-184, 1969;.
34 +
Józwiak W, Koscielak J, Madalinski K, et al:  RNA of Australia antigen . Nature 229:92-94, 1971;.
35 +
Sutnick AI, Millman I, London WT, et al: The role of Australia antigen in viral hepatitis and other diseases. Ann Rev Med, to be published.
36 +
Coyne VE, Blumberg BS, Millman I:  Detection of Australia antigen in human tissue culture preparations . Proc: Soc Exp Biol Med 138:1051-1057, 1971;.
37 +
London WT, Millman I, Sutnick AI, et al:  Transmission, replication, and passage of Australia antigen in African green monkeys (vervets) , abstracted. Clin Res 18:536, 1970;.
38 +
Okochi K, Murakami S, Ninomiya K, et al:  Australia antigen, transfusion and hepatitis . Vox Sang 18:289-300, 1970;.
39 +
Gocke DJ, Greenberg HB, Kavey NB:  Correlation of Australia antigen with post-transfusion hepatitis . JAMA 212:877-879, 1970;.
40 +
Blumberg BS, Sutnick AI, London WT, et al:  Current status of the Australia antigen viral hepatitis studies , abstracted. Gastroenterology 56:1212, 1969;.
41 +
Goeser E, Dahlke MB, London WT, et al:  Reduced hepatitis after blood transfusion by Australia antigen testing of donor blood , abstracted. Ann Intern Med 74:834, 1971;.
42 +
Goldfield M: Progress report on hepatitis studies in New Jersey. Read before the Third Annual Meeting, Society for Epidemiologic Research, Minneapolis, Minn, 1970.
43 +
Holland PV, Walsh JH, Morrow AG, et al:  Failure of Australia antibody to prevent post-transfusion hepatitis . Lancet 2:553-555, 1969;.
44 +
Barker LF, Shulman R, Murray R, et al:  Transmission of serum hepatitis . JAMA 211:1509-1512, 1970;.
45 +
Hampers CL, Prager D, Senior JR:  Post-transfusion anicteric hepatitis . New Eng J Med 271:747-754, 1964;.
46 +
London WT, Sutnick AI, Blumberg BS:  Australia antigen and acute viral hepatitis . Ann Intern Med 70:55-59, 1969;.
47 +
Grob PJ, Jemelka H:  Faecal S.H. (Australia) antigen in acute hepatitis . Lancet 1:206-208, 1971;.
48 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Millman I, et al:  Ergasteric hepatitis: Endemic hepatitis associated with Australia antigen in a research laboratory . Ann Intern Med 75:35-40, 1971;.
49 +
Blumberg BS, London WT, Sutnick AI:  Australia antigen as a hepatitis virus: Variation in host response . Amer J Med 48:1-8, 1970;.
50 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Blumberg BS, et al:  Australia antigen (a hepatitis associated antigen) in leukemia . J Nat Cancer Inst 44:1241-1249, 1970;.
51 +
Blumberg BS, Melartin L, Lechat M, et al:  Association between lepromatous leprosy and Australia antigen . Lancet 2:173-176, 1967;.
52 +
Blumberg BS, Melartin L:  Australia antigen and lepromatous leprosy: Studies in South India and elsewhere . Int J Leprosy 38:60-67, 1970;.
53 +
London WT, DiFiglia M, Sutnick AI, et al:  An epidemic of hepatitis in a chronic hemodialysis unit: Australia antigen and differences in host response . New Eng J Med 281:571-578, 1969;.
54 +
Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S:  A "new" antigen in leukemia sera . JAMA 191:541-546, 1965;.
55 +
Blumberg BS, London WT, Sutnick AI, et al:  Australia antigen, hepatitis and susceptibility to leukemia , in Dutcher RM (ed): Comparative Leukemia Research . Basel, Switzerland, S. Karger AG, 1970;, pp 659-677.
56 +
Sutnick AI, Cerda JJ, Toskes PP, et al:  Australia antigen and viral hepatitis in drug users . Arch Intern Med 127:939-941, 1971;.
57 +
Blumberg BS, Melartin L, Guinto RA, et al:  Family studies of a human serum isoantigen system (Australia antigen) . Amer J Hum Genet 18:594-608, 1966;.
58 +
Blumberg BS, Friedlaender JS, Woodside A, et al:  Hepatitis and Australia antigen: Autosomal recessive inheritance of susceptibility to infection in humans . Proc Nat Acad Sci 62:1108-1115, 1969;.
59 +
Ceppellini R, Bedarida G, Carbonara AO, et al:  High frequency and family clustering of Au antigen in some Italian populations. Atti Conv. Farmital (Au Antigen), Turin, Italy . Minerva Med 61:53-74, 1970;.
60 +
Melartin L, Panelius M:  Occurrence of Australia antigen in Finnish Mongolism patients . Ann Med Exp Fenn 45:157-158, 1969;.
61 +
Kobayashi N, Hayakawa H, Yoshino K, et al:  Immunopathological view about Down's syndrome . Saishin Igaku 24:332-336, 1969;.
62 +
Hayashi H, LoGrippo GA:  Australia antigenemia in institutional children seven years after infectious hepatitis , abstracted. Fed Proc 29:285, 1970;.
63 +
Krugman S, Giles JP:  Viral hepatitis: New light on an old disease . JAMA 212:1019-1029, 1970;.
64 +
Szmuness W, Pick R, Prince AM:  The serum hepatitis virus specific antigen (SH): A preliminary report of epidemiologic studies in an institution for the mentally retarded . Amer J Epidem 92:51-61, 1970;.
65 +
Vierucci A., Ragazzini F:  Australia antigen and antibodies: A study in Italian patients . Folia Allerg 17:534-537, 1970;.
66 +
Hollinger FB, Goyal RK, Hersh T, et al:  Antibody to Australia antigen in Down's syndrome detected by passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay techniques . Gastroenterology 60:677, 1971;.
67 +
Sutnick AI, LondonWT, Blumberg BS, et al:  Susceptibility to leukemia immunologic factors in Down's syndrome . J Nat Cancer Inst 47:923-933, 1971;.
68 +
Agarwal SS, Blumberg BS, Gerstley BJS, et al:  DNA polymerase activity as an index of lymphocyte stimulation; studies in Down's syndrome . J Clin Invest 49:161-169, 1970;.
69 +
Sutnick AI, London WT, Blumberg BS:  Effects of host and environment on immunoglobulins in Down's syndrome . Arch Intern Med 124:722-725, 1969;.
70 +
Sutnick AI, Levine P, London WT, et al:  Frequency of Australia antigen in patients with leukemia from different countries . Lancet 1:1200-1202, 1971;.
71 +
Blumberg BS, Sutnick AI, London WT, et al: Sex distribution of Australia antigen. Arch Intern Med, to be published.
72 +
Vierucci A, Raggazzini F, Borgatta L, et al:  Australia antigen and antibody in Italian patients with thalassemia , abstracted. Clin Res 19:434, 1971;.

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