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April 1972, Vol 123, No. 4 >
Article | April 1972

Epidemiology of Infectious Hepatitis FREE

K. Raška; J. Helcl; E. Svandova
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Ústav epidemiologie a mikrobiologie, [unk]robárova 48, Praha 10-Vinohrady, Czechoslovakia.


Am J Dis Child. 1972;123(4):340-345. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110100072028.
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References
Comments

Viral hepatitis continues to present many intriguing and perplexing questions.

Forms of Hepatitis.—Several currently accepted findings in the differentiation of two forms of viral hepatitis, ie, infectious hepatitis (IH) and serum hepatitis (SH), should be reexamined in the context of recently acquired relevent data since the Second WHO Expert Committee report on hepatitis of 1963.1 Krugman et al2 have confirmed the observations of several (Findlay et al,3 Propert,4 Mirick and Shank5) and demonstrated in a series of experiments that the MS-2 type is also moderately contagious and infectious orally and through person to person contact. In contrast to older opinions that considered most transfusion-associated hepatitis as serum hepatitis, recent studies have suggested that infectious hepatitis may be transmitted parenterally as frequently as serum hepatitis (Shimizu and Kitamoto,6 NCDC Reports7).

Communicability.—The fecal-oral spread, mostly by person to person contact, remains the most

REFERENCES

1 +
WHO expert committee on hepatitis. WHO Techn Rep Ser No. 285, 1964.
2 +
Krugman S, Giles JP, Hammond J:  Infectious hepatitis . JAMA 200:365-373, 1967;.
3 +
Findlay GM, Martin NH, Mitchell JB:  Hepatitis after yellow fever inoculation . Lancet 2:365-370, 1944;.
4 +
Propert SA:  Hepatitis after prophylactic serum . Brit Med J 2:667, 1938;.
5 +
Mirick GS, Shank RE:  Epidemic of serum hepatitis studied under controlled conditions . Trans Amer Clin Climat Assoc 71:176-190, 1959;.
6 +
Shimizu Y, Kitamoto O:  Incidence of viral hepatitis after blood transfusion . Gastroenterology 44:740-744, 1963;.
7 +
National Communicable Disease Center: Hepatitis Surveillance Reports , No. (27) . Atlanta, 1967;.
8 +
Koff RS, Isselbacher KJ:  Changing concepts in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis New Eng J Med 278:1371-1380, 1968;.
9 +
Raška K, Helcj, Ježek Z, et al:  A milk borne infectious hepatitis epidemic . J Hyg Epidem 10:413, 1966;.
10 +
Raška K, Radkovský J:  Some questions on the epidemiology of infectious hepatitis . G Mal Infet 12:514-522, 1960;.
11 +
Blumberg BS:  Polymorphysms of serum proteins and th development of iso-precipitines in transfused patients . Bull NY Acad Med 40:377, 1964;.
12 +
Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S:  A "new" antigen in leukemia sera . JAMA 191:541, 1965;.
13 +
Giles JP, McCollum R, Berndtson LW Jr, et al:  Viral hepatitis: Relation of Australia SH antigen to the Willowbrook MS-2 strain . New Eng J Med 281:119, 1969;.
14 +
Krugman S, Giles JP:  Viral hepatitis . JAMA 212:1019-1029, 1970;.
15 +
Gocke DJ, Kavey NB:  Hepatitis antigen correlation with disease and infectivity of blood donors . Lancet 1:1055-1059, 1969;.
16 +
 Ad hoc committee on HAA tests . Nat Acad Sci USA 20:123-124, 1971;.
17 +
Ad hoc committee:  Canada Dept of Health & Welfare . JAMA 212:1047, 1970;.
18 +
Pečenka J, Raška K, Brtěk F:  Gamma globulin in the prophylaxis of infectious hepatitis . Cesk Epidem 1:136-141, 1952;.
19 +
Krugman S, Ward R, Giles JP, et al:  Infectious hepatitis: Studied on effect of GG and on incidence of inapparent infection . JAMA 174:823-830, 1960;.
20 +
Raška K, Radkovský J:  The programme of epidemiological surveillance of viral hepatitis , WHO European Symposium on Hepatitis . Prague, 1964;.
21 +
Cervenka J:  Evaluation of the prophylactic use of gamma globulin , WHO Inter-regional Seminar on Methods of Epidemiological Surveillance . Prague, 1970;.
22 +
Stokes J Jr, Farquhar JA, Drake ME, et al:  Infectious hepatitis: Length of protection by immune serum globulin (gamma globulin) during epidemics . JAMA 147:8, 1951;.
23 +
Cline AL, Mosley JW, Scowel FG:  Viral hepatitis among American missionaries abroad . JAMA 199:551-553, 1967;.
24 +
Raśka K, Radkovský J:  New surveillance methods in the control of communicable disease. Infectious hepatitis . Milbank Mem Fund Quart 48:395-403, 1965;.
25 +
Raška K:  Critical analysis of current practices in control of viral hepatitis . WHO Techn Doc , 1964;.
26 +
Helcl J, Janout V:  Surveillance of viral hepatitis: The investigation of water borne outbreaks of infectious hepatitis , WHO Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance Methodology . Karlovy Vary, 1968;.

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References

1 +
WHO expert committee on hepatitis. WHO Techn Rep Ser No. 285, 1964.
2 +
Krugman S, Giles JP, Hammond J:  Infectious hepatitis . JAMA 200:365-373, 1967;.
3 +
Findlay GM, Martin NH, Mitchell JB:  Hepatitis after yellow fever inoculation . Lancet 2:365-370, 1944;.
4 +
Propert SA:  Hepatitis after prophylactic serum . Brit Med J 2:667, 1938;.
5 +
Mirick GS, Shank RE:  Epidemic of serum hepatitis studied under controlled conditions . Trans Amer Clin Climat Assoc 71:176-190, 1959;.
6 +
Shimizu Y, Kitamoto O:  Incidence of viral hepatitis after blood transfusion . Gastroenterology 44:740-744, 1963;.
7 +
National Communicable Disease Center: Hepatitis Surveillance Reports , No. (27) . Atlanta, 1967;.
8 +
Koff RS, Isselbacher KJ:  Changing concepts in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis New Eng J Med 278:1371-1380, 1968;.
9 +
Raška K, Helcj, Ježek Z, et al:  A milk borne infectious hepatitis epidemic . J Hyg Epidem 10:413, 1966;.
10 +
Raška K, Radkovský J:  Some questions on the epidemiology of infectious hepatitis . G Mal Infet 12:514-522, 1960;.
11 +
Blumberg BS:  Polymorphysms of serum proteins and th development of iso-precipitines in transfused patients . Bull NY Acad Med 40:377, 1964;.
12 +
Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S:  A "new" antigen in leukemia sera . JAMA 191:541, 1965;.
13 +
Giles JP, McCollum R, Berndtson LW Jr, et al:  Viral hepatitis: Relation of Australia SH antigen to the Willowbrook MS-2 strain . New Eng J Med 281:119, 1969;.
14 +
Krugman S, Giles JP:  Viral hepatitis . JAMA 212:1019-1029, 1970;.
15 +
Gocke DJ, Kavey NB:  Hepatitis antigen correlation with disease and infectivity of blood donors . Lancet 1:1055-1059, 1969;.
16 +
 Ad hoc committee on HAA tests . Nat Acad Sci USA 20:123-124, 1971;.
17 +
Ad hoc committee:  Canada Dept of Health & Welfare . JAMA 212:1047, 1970;.
18 +
Pečenka J, Raška K, Brtěk F:  Gamma globulin in the prophylaxis of infectious hepatitis . Cesk Epidem 1:136-141, 1952;.
19 +
Krugman S, Ward R, Giles JP, et al:  Infectious hepatitis: Studied on effect of GG and on incidence of inapparent infection . JAMA 174:823-830, 1960;.
20 +
Raška K, Radkovský J:  The programme of epidemiological surveillance of viral hepatitis , WHO European Symposium on Hepatitis . Prague, 1964;.
21 +
Cervenka J:  Evaluation of the prophylactic use of gamma globulin , WHO Inter-regional Seminar on Methods of Epidemiological Surveillance . Prague, 1970;.
22 +
Stokes J Jr, Farquhar JA, Drake ME, et al:  Infectious hepatitis: Length of protection by immune serum globulin (gamma globulin) during epidemics . JAMA 147:8, 1951;.
23 +
Cline AL, Mosley JW, Scowel FG:  Viral hepatitis among American missionaries abroad . JAMA 199:551-553, 1967;.
24 +
Raśka K, Radkovský J:  New surveillance methods in the control of communicable disease. Infectious hepatitis . Milbank Mem Fund Quart 48:395-403, 1965;.
25 +
Raška K:  Critical analysis of current practices in control of viral hepatitis . WHO Techn Doc , 1964;.
26 +
Helcl J, Janout V:  Surveillance of viral hepatitis: The investigation of water borne outbreaks of infectious hepatitis , WHO Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance Methodology . Karlovy Vary, 1968;.

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