0
April 1970, Vol 119, No. 4 >
Article | April 1970

Development and BEI of Low-Birth-Weight Infants Full-Term and Through 18 Months FREE

Evelyn B. Man, PhD; Maurice Adelman, MD; Walter S. Jones, MD; Robert M. Lord, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Received for publication May 15, 1969.

Reprint requests to Thyroid Laboratory, Providence Lying-In Hospital, 50 Maude St, Providence, RI 02908 (Dr. Man).


Am J Dis Child. 1970;119(4):298-307. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1970.02100050300003.
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Published online
Article
References
Comments

Serum thyroxine-like iodine compounds (BEI) are essential for normal central nervous system development, but thyroid function tests of full-term and of low-birth-weight infants have not been defined through 18 postnatal months. For 49 full-term infants (normal BEI through five postnatal days 7.2μg to 15.2μg per 100 ml), median and mean BEI from two to six postnatal months were 6.2 ± 0.91 and from 6 to 18 months 5.8μg ± 0.87μg per 100 ml, significantly higher BEI values than for adults. Differences between BEI means of low-birth-weight infants born before and after 34 gestational weeks and of full-term infants were significant at the 0.001 level. Fifteen low-birth-weight infants with BEI determinations until 19 months were examined developmentally; nine, classified normal, appeared to have increasing BEI; six, classified suspect or abnormal, had low or borderline BEI.

REFERENCES

1 +
Christensen E, Melchior JC:  Cerebral palsy: A clinical and neuropathological study , in Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 25 . London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1967;.
2 +
Marks AN, Man EB:  Serum butanol-extractable iodine concentrations in prematures . Pediatrics 35: 753-758, 1965;.
3 +
Man EB:  Normal values for thyroid function tests in infancy , in Sunderman FW, Sunderman FW Jr (eds): The Clinical Pathology of Infancy . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1967;. pp 190-204.
4 +
Stevenson SS, Wirth P, Bastiani R, et al:  Some effects of exogenous thyroid or thyroxin upon premature infants . Pediatrics 12:263-271, 1953;.
5 +
Perry RE, Hodgman JE, Starr P:  Maternal, cord, and serial venous blood: Protein-bound iodine, thyroid-binding globulin, thyroid-binding albumin, and prealbumin values in premature infants . Pediatrics 35:759-764, 1965;.
6 +
Hung W:  Physiologic changes in the thyroid during childhood and adolescence , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 206-212.
7 +
Danowski TS, Johnston SY, Price WC, et al:  Protein-bound iodine in infants from birth to one year of age . Pediatrics 7:240-244, 1951;.
8 +
Pickering DE, Kontaxis NE, Benson RC, et al:  Thyroid function in the perinatal period . Amer J Dis Child 95:616-621, 1958;.
9 +
Man EB:  Differences in serum butanol-extractable iodines (BEIs) of children, men and women; Note on the preservation of serum BEIs with thiouracil . J Lab Clin Med 59:528-532, 1962;.
10 +
Marks JF, Hamlin M, Zack P:  Neonatal thyroid function: II. Free thyroxine in infancy . J Pediat 68:559-561, 1966;.
11 +
Man EB, Pickering DE, Walker J, et al:  Butanol-extractable iodine in the serum of infants . Pediatrics 9:32, 1952;.
12 +
Durham JR, Cooke RE, Lancaster JW, et al:  Serum butanol-extractable iodine values of children under ten years of age . Amer J Dis Child 87: 468-474, 1954;.
13 +
Smith DW, Blizzard RM, Wilkins L:  The mental prognosis in hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood . Pediatrics 19:1011-1022, 1957;.
14 +
French FS, Van Wyk JJ:  Fetal hypothyroidism: I. Effects of thyroxine on neural development: II. Fetal versus maternal contributions to fetal thyroxine requirements: III. Clinical implications . J Pediat 64:589-600, 1964;.
15 +
Pickering DE:  Clinical and laboratory aspects of thyroid function . Pediatrics 29:692-702, 1962;.
16 +
Beierwaltes WH:  Thyroid dysfunction and pregnancy . Hosp Practice 3:31-35, 1968;.
17 +
Man EB, Mermann AC, Cooke RE:  The development of children with congenital hypothyroidism: A note on early temporary replacement therapy for 2 goitrous infants . J Pediat 63:926-941, 1963;.
18 +
Fisher DA, Pickering DE:  Infantile hypothyroidism diagnosis and treatment , in The Pediatric Clinics of North America . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1957;, pp 863-871.
19 +
Man EB, Reid WA, Hellegers AE, et al:  Thyroid function in human pregnancy: II. Serum butanol-extractable iodine values of pregnant women 14 through 44 years . Amer J Obstet Gynec 103:328-337, 1969;.
20 +
Greenman GW, Gabrielson MO, Howard-Flanders J, et al:  Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy: Fetal loss and follow-up evaluation of surviving infants . New Eng J Med 267:426-431, 1962;.
21 +
Westphal, M, Man EB:  Serum butanol-extractable iodine following exchange transfusion . J Clin Endocr 22:452-456, 1962;.
22 +
Lubchenco LO, Hansman C, Boyd E:  Intrauterine growth in length and head circumference as estimated from live births at gestational ages from 26 to 42 weeks . Pediatrics 37:403-408, 1966;.
23 +
Battaglia FC, Frazier TM, Hellegers AE:  Birth weight, gestational age, and pregnancy outcome, with special reference to high birth weight-low gestational age infant . Pediatrics 37:417-422, 1966;.
24 +
Battaglia FC, Lubchenco LO:  A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age . J Pediat 71:159-163, 1967;.
25 +
Battaglia FC:  Recent advances in medicine for newborn infants . J Pediat 71:748-758, 1967;.
26 +
Walker J:  Small for dates: Clinical aspects . Proc Roy Soc Med 60:877-879, 1967;.
27 +
Wigglesworth JS:  Pathological and experimental aspects of foetal growth retardation . Proc Roy Soc Med 60:879-881, 1967;.
28 +
Neligan GA:  The clinical effects of being "light for dates." Proc Roy Soc Med 60:881-883, 1967;.
29 +
Yerushalmy J:  The classification of newborn infants by birth weight and gestational age . J Pediat 71:164-172, 1967;.
30 +
Hoerr NL, Pyle SL, Francis, CC: Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Foot and Ankle . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1962;.
31 +
Cassidy CE, Benotti J, Peno S:  Clinical evaluation of the determination of thyroxine iodine . J Clin Endocr 28:420-421, 1968;.
32 +
Man EB, Whitehead RJ Jr:  Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum proteins in infancy and pregnancy . Clin Chem 14:1002-1009, 1968;.
33 +
Man EB, Reid WA, Hellegers AE, et al:  Thyroid function in human pregnancy: III. Serum thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) of pregnant women aged 14 through 43 years . Amer J Obstet Gynec 103:338-347, 1969;.
34 +
Nikolai TF:  Thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency: Constitutional growth retardation erroneously diagnosed as isolated thyrotropin deficiency . J Pediat 75:130-132, 1969;.
35 +
De Nayer P, Malvaux P, Van Den Schrieck HG, et al:  Free thyroxine in maternal and cord blood . J Clin Endocr 26:233-235, 1966;.
36 +
Fisher DA:  Endocrine correlates of temperature adaptation in the newborn , in Sunderman FW, Sunderman FW Jr (eds): The Clinical Pathology of Infancy . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1967;, pp 205-218.
37 +
Oddie TH, Fisher DA:  Protein-bound iodine level during childhood and adolescence . J Clin Endocr 27:89-92, 1967;.
38 +
Shepard TH:  Development of the thyroid gland , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 200-206.
39 +
Dyer NC, Brill AB, Glasser SR, et al:  Maternal-fetal transport and distribution of 59Fe and 131I in humans . Amer J Obstet Gynec 103:290-296, 1969;.
40 +
Shepard TH:  Onset of function in the human fetal thyroid: Biochemical and radioautographic studies from organ culture . J Clin Endocr 27:945-958, 1967;.
41 +
Yamazaki E, Noguchi A, Slingerland DW:  The development of hormonal biosynthesis in human fetal thyroids . J Clin Endocr 19:1437-1445, 1959;.
42 +
Gitlin D, Biasucci A:  Ontogenesis of immunoreactive thyroglobulin in the human . J Clin Endocr 29:849-853, 1969;.
43 +
Boyd JD:  Development of the human thyroid gland , in Pitt-Rivers R, Trotter WR (eds): The Thyroid Gland . Washington, DC, Butterworth & Co, 1964;, pp 9-31.
44 +
Andreoli M, Robbins J:  Serum proteins and thyroxine-protein interaction in early human fetuses . J Clin Invest 41:1070-1077, 1962;.
45 +
Osorio C, Myant NB:  The binding of thyroxine by human foetal serum . Clin Sci 23:277-284, 1962;.
46 +
Pickering DE:  Maternal thyroid hormone in the developing fetus: Observations on monkeys (Macaca mulatta) . Amer J Dis Child 107:567-573, 1964;.
47 +
Fisher DA, Oddie TH, Burroughs JC:  Thyroidal radioiodine uptake rate measurement in infants . Amer J Dis Child 103:738-749, 1962;.
48 +
Werner SC:  Two panel discussions on hyperthyroidism: I. Hyperthyroidism in the pregnant woman and the neonate . J Clin Endocr 27:1637-1654, 1967;.
49 +
Miller HC:  Prematurity , in Cooke RE (ed): The Biologic Basis of Pediatric Practice . New York, Blakiston Co, 1968;, pp 1514-1521.
50 +
Man EB, Jones WS:  Thyroid function in human pregnancy: V. Incidence of maternal serum low butanol-extractable iodines and of normal gestational TBG and TBPA capacities: Retardation of 8-month-old infants . Amer J Obstet Gynec 104: 898-908, 1969;.
51 +
Jones WS, Man EB:  Thyroid function in human pregnancy: VI. Premature deliveries and reproductive failures of pregnant women with low serum butanol-extractable iodines: Maternal serum TBG and TBPA capacities . Amer J Obstet Gynec 104:909-914, 1969;.
52 +
Eayrs JT:  Effects of thyroid hormones on brain differentiation , in Cameron MP, O'Connor M (eds): Ciba Foundation Study Group on Brain-Thyroid Relationships . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1964;, pp 60-74.
53 +
Schapiro S, Norman RJ:  Thyroxine: Effects of neonatal administration on maturation, development and behavior . Science 155:1279-1281, 1967;.
54 +
Hamburgh M:  Meetings: Hormones in development . Science 164:1191-1193, 1969;.
55 +
Koenig MP:  Endemic goiter and endemic cretinism , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 235-243.
56 +
Andersen HJ:  Hypothyroidism: Nongoitrous hypothyroidism , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 216-234.
57 +
Gardner LI:  Historical notes on cretinism , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 212-215.
58 +
Giroud A:  Nutrition of the embryo . Fed Proc 27:163-184, 1968;.
59 +
Hutchison JH:  Familial goitrous hypothyroidism , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 253-267.
60 +
Smith DW:  Compendium on shortness of stature . J Pediat 70:463-519, 1967;.
61 +
Snyderman SE, Boyer A, Kogut MD, et al:  The protein requirement of the premature infant: I. The effect of protein intake on the retention of nitrogen . J Pediat 74:872-880, 1969;.
62 +
Goldman HI, Freudenthal R, Holland B, et al:  Clinical effects of two different levels of protein intake on low-birth-weight infants . J Pediat 74: 881-889, 1969;.
63 +
Babson SG, Bramhall JL:  Diet and growth in the premature infant: The effect of different dietary intakes of ash electrolyte and protein on weight gain and linear growth . J Pediat 74:890-900, 1969;.
64 +
Provence S: Guide for the Care of Infants in Groups . New York, Child Welfare League of America Inc, 1967;.
65 +
Provence S:  Developmental history , in Cooke RE (ed): The Biologic Basis of Pediatric Practice . New York, Blakiston Co, 1968;, pp 1533-1540.
66 +
Drillien CM:  The survey families , in The Growth and Development of the Prematurely Born Infant . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1964;, p 43.
67 +
Drillien CM:  The incidence of mental and physical handicaps in school age children of very low birth weight . Pediatrics 39:238-247, 1967;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Christensen E, Melchior JC:  Cerebral palsy: A clinical and neuropathological study , in Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 25 . London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1967;.
2 +
Marks AN, Man EB:  Serum butanol-extractable iodine concentrations in prematures . Pediatrics 35: 753-758, 1965;.
3 +
Man EB:  Normal values for thyroid function tests in infancy , in Sunderman FW, Sunderman FW Jr (eds): The Clinical Pathology of Infancy . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1967;. pp 190-204.
4 +
Stevenson SS, Wirth P, Bastiani R, et al:  Some effects of exogenous thyroid or thyroxin upon premature infants . Pediatrics 12:263-271, 1953;.
5 +
Perry RE, Hodgman JE, Starr P:  Maternal, cord, and serial venous blood: Protein-bound iodine, thyroid-binding globulin, thyroid-binding albumin, and prealbumin values in premature infants . Pediatrics 35:759-764, 1965;.
6 +
Hung W:  Physiologic changes in the thyroid during childhood and adolescence , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 206-212.
7 +
Danowski TS, Johnston SY, Price WC, et al:  Protein-bound iodine in infants from birth to one year of age . Pediatrics 7:240-244, 1951;.
8 +
Pickering DE, Kontaxis NE, Benson RC, et al:  Thyroid function in the perinatal period . Amer J Dis Child 95:616-621, 1958;.
9 +
Man EB:  Differences in serum butanol-extractable iodines (BEIs) of children, men and women; Note on the preservation of serum BEIs with thiouracil . J Lab Clin Med 59:528-532, 1962;.
10 +
Marks JF, Hamlin M, Zack P:  Neonatal thyroid function: II. Free thyroxine in infancy . J Pediat 68:559-561, 1966;.
11 +
Man EB, Pickering DE, Walker J, et al:  Butanol-extractable iodine in the serum of infants . Pediatrics 9:32, 1952;.
12 +
Durham JR, Cooke RE, Lancaster JW, et al:  Serum butanol-extractable iodine values of children under ten years of age . Amer J Dis Child 87: 468-474, 1954;.
13 +
Smith DW, Blizzard RM, Wilkins L:  The mental prognosis in hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood . Pediatrics 19:1011-1022, 1957;.
14 +
French FS, Van Wyk JJ:  Fetal hypothyroidism: I. Effects of thyroxine on neural development: II. Fetal versus maternal contributions to fetal thyroxine requirements: III. Clinical implications . J Pediat 64:589-600, 1964;.
15 +
Pickering DE:  Clinical and laboratory aspects of thyroid function . Pediatrics 29:692-702, 1962;.
16 +
Beierwaltes WH:  Thyroid dysfunction and pregnancy . Hosp Practice 3:31-35, 1968;.
17 +
Man EB, Mermann AC, Cooke RE:  The development of children with congenital hypothyroidism: A note on early temporary replacement therapy for 2 goitrous infants . J Pediat 63:926-941, 1963;.
18 +
Fisher DA, Pickering DE:  Infantile hypothyroidism diagnosis and treatment , in The Pediatric Clinics of North America . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1957;, pp 863-871.
19 +
Man EB, Reid WA, Hellegers AE, et al:  Thyroid function in human pregnancy: II. Serum butanol-extractable iodine values of pregnant women 14 through 44 years . Amer J Obstet Gynec 103:328-337, 1969;.
20 +
Greenman GW, Gabrielson MO, Howard-Flanders J, et al:  Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy: Fetal loss and follow-up evaluation of surviving infants . New Eng J Med 267:426-431, 1962;.
21 +
Westphal, M, Man EB:  Serum butanol-extractable iodine following exchange transfusion . J Clin Endocr 22:452-456, 1962;.
22 +
Lubchenco LO, Hansman C, Boyd E:  Intrauterine growth in length and head circumference as estimated from live births at gestational ages from 26 to 42 weeks . Pediatrics 37:403-408, 1966;.
23 +
Battaglia FC, Frazier TM, Hellegers AE:  Birth weight, gestational age, and pregnancy outcome, with special reference to high birth weight-low gestational age infant . Pediatrics 37:417-422, 1966;.
24 +
Battaglia FC, Lubchenco LO:  A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age . J Pediat 71:159-163, 1967;.
25 +
Battaglia FC:  Recent advances in medicine for newborn infants . J Pediat 71:748-758, 1967;.
26 +
Walker J:  Small for dates: Clinical aspects . Proc Roy Soc Med 60:877-879, 1967;.
27 +
Wigglesworth JS:  Pathological and experimental aspects of foetal growth retardation . Proc Roy Soc Med 60:879-881, 1967;.
28 +
Neligan GA:  The clinical effects of being "light for dates." Proc Roy Soc Med 60:881-883, 1967;.
29 +
Yerushalmy J:  The classification of newborn infants by birth weight and gestational age . J Pediat 71:164-172, 1967;.
30 +
Hoerr NL, Pyle SL, Francis, CC: Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Foot and Ankle . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1962;.
31 +
Cassidy CE, Benotti J, Peno S:  Clinical evaluation of the determination of thyroxine iodine . J Clin Endocr 28:420-421, 1968;.
32 +
Man EB, Whitehead RJ Jr:  Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum proteins in infancy and pregnancy . Clin Chem 14:1002-1009, 1968;.
33 +
Man EB, Reid WA, Hellegers AE, et al:  Thyroid function in human pregnancy: III. Serum thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) of pregnant women aged 14 through 43 years . Amer J Obstet Gynec 103:338-347, 1969;.
34 +
Nikolai TF:  Thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency: Constitutional growth retardation erroneously diagnosed as isolated thyrotropin deficiency . J Pediat 75:130-132, 1969;.
35 +
De Nayer P, Malvaux P, Van Den Schrieck HG, et al:  Free thyroxine in maternal and cord blood . J Clin Endocr 26:233-235, 1966;.
36 +
Fisher DA:  Endocrine correlates of temperature adaptation in the newborn , in Sunderman FW, Sunderman FW Jr (eds): The Clinical Pathology of Infancy . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1967;, pp 205-218.
37 +
Oddie TH, Fisher DA:  Protein-bound iodine level during childhood and adolescence . J Clin Endocr 27:89-92, 1967;.
38 +
Shepard TH:  Development of the thyroid gland , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 200-206.
39 +
Dyer NC, Brill AB, Glasser SR, et al:  Maternal-fetal transport and distribution of 59Fe and 131I in humans . Amer J Obstet Gynec 103:290-296, 1969;.
40 +
Shepard TH:  Onset of function in the human fetal thyroid: Biochemical and radioautographic studies from organ culture . J Clin Endocr 27:945-958, 1967;.
41 +
Yamazaki E, Noguchi A, Slingerland DW:  The development of hormonal biosynthesis in human fetal thyroids . J Clin Endocr 19:1437-1445, 1959;.
42 +
Gitlin D, Biasucci A:  Ontogenesis of immunoreactive thyroglobulin in the human . J Clin Endocr 29:849-853, 1969;.
43 +
Boyd JD:  Development of the human thyroid gland , in Pitt-Rivers R, Trotter WR (eds): The Thyroid Gland . Washington, DC, Butterworth & Co, 1964;, pp 9-31.
44 +
Andreoli M, Robbins J:  Serum proteins and thyroxine-protein interaction in early human fetuses . J Clin Invest 41:1070-1077, 1962;.
45 +
Osorio C, Myant NB:  The binding of thyroxine by human foetal serum . Clin Sci 23:277-284, 1962;.
46 +
Pickering DE:  Maternal thyroid hormone in the developing fetus: Observations on monkeys (Macaca mulatta) . Amer J Dis Child 107:567-573, 1964;.
47 +
Fisher DA, Oddie TH, Burroughs JC:  Thyroidal radioiodine uptake rate measurement in infants . Amer J Dis Child 103:738-749, 1962;.
48 +
Werner SC:  Two panel discussions on hyperthyroidism: I. Hyperthyroidism in the pregnant woman and the neonate . J Clin Endocr 27:1637-1654, 1967;.
49 +
Miller HC:  Prematurity , in Cooke RE (ed): The Biologic Basis of Pediatric Practice . New York, Blakiston Co, 1968;, pp 1514-1521.
50 +
Man EB, Jones WS:  Thyroid function in human pregnancy: V. Incidence of maternal serum low butanol-extractable iodines and of normal gestational TBG and TBPA capacities: Retardation of 8-month-old infants . Amer J Obstet Gynec 104: 898-908, 1969;.
51 +
Jones WS, Man EB:  Thyroid function in human pregnancy: VI. Premature deliveries and reproductive failures of pregnant women with low serum butanol-extractable iodines: Maternal serum TBG and TBPA capacities . Amer J Obstet Gynec 104:909-914, 1969;.
52 +
Eayrs JT:  Effects of thyroid hormones on brain differentiation , in Cameron MP, O'Connor M (eds): Ciba Foundation Study Group on Brain-Thyroid Relationships . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1964;, pp 60-74.
53 +
Schapiro S, Norman RJ:  Thyroxine: Effects of neonatal administration on maturation, development and behavior . Science 155:1279-1281, 1967;.
54 +
Hamburgh M:  Meetings: Hormones in development . Science 164:1191-1193, 1969;.
55 +
Koenig MP:  Endemic goiter and endemic cretinism , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 235-243.
56 +
Andersen HJ:  Hypothyroidism: Nongoitrous hypothyroidism , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 216-234.
57 +
Gardner LI:  Historical notes on cretinism , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 212-215.
58 +
Giroud A:  Nutrition of the embryo . Fed Proc 27:163-184, 1968;.
59 +
Hutchison JH:  Familial goitrous hypothyroidism , in Gardner LI (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 253-267.
60 +
Smith DW:  Compendium on shortness of stature . J Pediat 70:463-519, 1967;.
61 +
Snyderman SE, Boyer A, Kogut MD, et al:  The protein requirement of the premature infant: I. The effect of protein intake on the retention of nitrogen . J Pediat 74:872-880, 1969;.
62 +
Goldman HI, Freudenthal R, Holland B, et al:  Clinical effects of two different levels of protein intake on low-birth-weight infants . J Pediat 74: 881-889, 1969;.
63 +
Babson SG, Bramhall JL:  Diet and growth in the premature infant: The effect of different dietary intakes of ash electrolyte and protein on weight gain and linear growth . J Pediat 74:890-900, 1969;.
64 +
Provence S: Guide for the Care of Infants in Groups . New York, Child Welfare League of America Inc, 1967;.
65 +
Provence S:  Developmental history , in Cooke RE (ed): The Biologic Basis of Pediatric Practice . New York, Blakiston Co, 1968;, pp 1533-1540.
66 +
Drillien CM:  The survey families , in The Growth and Development of the Prematurely Born Infant . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1964;, p 43.
67 +
Drillien CM:  The incidence of mental and physical handicaps in school age children of very low birth weight . Pediatrics 39:238-247, 1967;.

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