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November 1969, Vol 118, No. 5 >
Article | November 1969

A Study of Bone Density:  Comparison of the Effects of Sodium Fluoride, Inorganic Phosphates, and an Anabolic Steroid (Oxymetholone) on Demineralized Bone FREE

Doman K. Keele, MD; George P. Vose, MS
[+] Author Affiliations

Received for publication Jan 30, 1969.

Reprint requests to Department of Pediatrics, Southwestern Medical School of the University of Texas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas 75235 (Dr. Keele).


Am J Dis Child. 1969;118(5):759-764. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1969.02100040761013.
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Comments

ONE of the complications of mental retardation and spastic cerebral palsy in children is bone demineralization accompanied by pathologic fractures. The demineralization is apparently due to nonambulation and/or poor nutrition, both of which are difficult to correct in these patients.

Previous studies in adults have shown a variety of effects on bone and on calcium and phosphorus metabolism during treatment of demineralizing conditions with sodium fluoride,1-8 sex hormone and anabolic steroids,9-20 and inorganic phosphates.21-23 During the treatment of permanently bedfast children in an institution for the mentally retarded, a study was made to compare the effects of sodium fluoride, oxymetholone (an anabolic steroid), and inorganic phosphates on bone density. All of the patients had low bone densities for age as compared to 200 ambulatory patients in the same institution; 68 had bone demineralization which could be determined by visual inspection of x-ray films of the humerus or

REFERENCES

1 +
Purves, M.J.:  Some Effects of Administering Sodium Fluoride to Patients With Paget's Disease , Lancet 2:1188-1199 ( (Dec 8) ) 1962;.
2 +
Rich, C.; Ensinck, J.; and Ivanovich, P.:  The Effects of Sodium Fluoride on Calcium Metabolism of Subjects With Metabolic Bone Diseases , J Clin Invest 43:545-556 ( (April) ) 1964;.
3 +
Cohen, P., and Gardner, F.H.:  Induction of Subacute Skeletal Fluorosis in a Case of Multiple Myeloma , New Eng J Med 271:1129-1133 ( (Nov 26) ) 1964;.
4 +
Higgins, B.A., et al:  Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Calcium, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Balance in Patients With Paget's Disease , Brit Med J 1:1159-1161 ( (May 1) ) 1965;.
5 +
Rich, C., and Ensinck, J.:  Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Calcium Metabolism of Human Beings , Nature 191:184-185 ( (July 8) ) 1961;.
6 +
Posner, A.S., et al:  X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Effect of Fluoride on Human Bone Apatite , Arch Oral Biol 8:549-570 ( (July) ) 1963;.
7 +
Zipkin, I., et al:  Fluoride Deposition in Human Bones , Public Health Rep 73:732-740 ( (Aug) ) 1958;.
8 +
Baylink, D.J., and Bernstein, D.S.:  The Effects of Fluoride Therapy on Metabolic Bone Disease: A Histologic Study , Clin Orthop 55:51-85 ( (Nov) -Dec) 1967;.
9 +
Reifenstein, E.C., and Albright, F.:  The Metabolic Effects of Steroid Hormones in Osteoporosis , J Clin Invest 26:24-56 ( (Jan) ) 1947;.
10 +
Whedon, G.D., et al:  Metabolic Studies in Paralytic Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis: IV. Effects of Testosterone Propionate and Estradiol Benzoate on Calcium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Creatine, and Electrolyte Metabolism , J Clin Invest 36:995-1018 ( (June) ) 1957;.
11 +
Solomon, G.F.; Dickerson, W.J.; and Eisenberg, E.:  Psychologic and Osteometabolic Responses to Sex Hormones in Elderly Osteoporotic Women , Geriatrics 15:46-60 ( (Jan) ) 1960;.
12 +
Henneman, P.H., and Wallach, S.:  A Review of the Prolonged Use of Estrogen and Androgen in Postmenopausal and Senile Osteoporosis , Arch Intern Med 100:715-723 ( (Nov) ) 1957;.
13 +
Lafferty, F.W.; Spencer, C.E., Jr.; and Pearson, A.H.:  Effects of Androgens, Estrogens, and High Calcium Intakes on Bone Formation and Resorption in Osteoporosis , Amer J Med 36:514-528 ( (April) ) 1964;.
14 +
Hernberg, C.A.:  Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis With Estrogens and Androgens , Acta Endocr 34:51-59 ( (May) ) 1960;.
15 +
West, H.F., and Lewis-Faning, E.:  Controlled Trial of Methenolone Acetate in Prednisolone Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients , Amer Rheum Dis 24:576-580 ( (Nov) ) 1965;.
16 +
Dymling, J.F.; Isaksson, B.; and Sjogren, B.: " Anabolic Steroids in the Treatment of Osteopenia ," Protein Metabolism , Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1962;, pp 412-423.
17 +
Lambrechts, A., and Jadone, R.:  Influence of Norandrostenolone Phenylproprionate on Growth and Balance Experiments in Children , Acta Endocr 63 (suppl):37-48 ( (May 10) ) 1961;.
18 +
Reifenstein, E.C., Jr.; Albright, F.; and Winters, S.L.:  The Accumulation, Interpretation, and Presentation of Data Pertaining to Metabolic Balances, Notably Those of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen , J Clin Endocr 5:367-395 ( (Nov) ) 1945;.
19 +
Nowakowski, H.:  Metabolic Studies With Anabolic Steroids , Acta Endocr 63 (suppl):37-48 ( (May 10) ) 1961;.
20 +
Kochakian, C.D.:  The Protein Anabolic Effects of Steroid Hormones , Vitamins Hormones 4:255-310, 1946;.
21 +
Goldsmith, R.S., et al:  Effects of Phosphate Supplements in Patients With Fractures , Lancet 1: 687-690 ( (April 1) ) 1967;.
22 +
Goldsmith, R.S., and Ingbar, S.H.:  Inorganic Phosphate Treatment of Hypercalcemia of Diverse Etiologies , New Eng J Med 274:1-7 ( (Jan 6) ) 1966;.
23 +
Goldsmith, R.S., and Ingbar, S.H.:  Effects of Oral Phosphate Supplements in Demineralizing Disorders of Bone , J Clin Invest 45:1014 ( (June) ) 1966;.
24 +
Mack, P.B.; Vose, G.P.; and Nelson, J.D.:  New Development in Equipment for the Roentgenographic Measurement of Bone Density , Amer J Roentgen 82:303-310 ( (Aug) ) 1958;.
25 +
Vose, G.P.: Factors Affecting the Precision of Radiographic Densitometry of the Lumbar Spine and Femoral Neck: Progress in Development of Methods of Bone Densitometry, NASA Publication SP-64, 1966, pp 47-63.
26 +
Garn, S.M.:  An Annotated Bibliography on Bone Densitometry , Amer J Clin Nutr 10:59 ( (Jan) ) 1962;.
27 +
Keele, D.K., and Worley, J.W.:  Study of an Anabolic Steroid: Certain Effects of Oxymetholone on Small Children , Amer J Dis Child 113:422-430 ( (April) ) 1967;.
28 +
Vose, G.P., and Pyke, R.E.:  Compositional Factors Affecting Vertebral X-ray Absorption , Invest Radiol 1:371-378 ( (Sept) -Oct) 1966;.
29 +
Vose, G.P.: Semi-annual Report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Tex, June 30, 1968.
30 +
Rich, C., et al:  Factors Involved in an Objective Study of the Efficacy of Treatment of Osteoporosis , Clin Orthop 45:63-66 ( (March) -April) 1966;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
Purves, M.J.:  Some Effects of Administering Sodium Fluoride to Patients With Paget's Disease , Lancet 2:1188-1199 ( (Dec 8) ) 1962;.
2 +
Rich, C.; Ensinck, J.; and Ivanovich, P.:  The Effects of Sodium Fluoride on Calcium Metabolism of Subjects With Metabolic Bone Diseases , J Clin Invest 43:545-556 ( (April) ) 1964;.
3 +
Cohen, P., and Gardner, F.H.:  Induction of Subacute Skeletal Fluorosis in a Case of Multiple Myeloma , New Eng J Med 271:1129-1133 ( (Nov 26) ) 1964;.
4 +
Higgins, B.A., et al:  Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Calcium, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Balance in Patients With Paget's Disease , Brit Med J 1:1159-1161 ( (May 1) ) 1965;.
5 +
Rich, C., and Ensinck, J.:  Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Calcium Metabolism of Human Beings , Nature 191:184-185 ( (July 8) ) 1961;.
6 +
Posner, A.S., et al:  X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Effect of Fluoride on Human Bone Apatite , Arch Oral Biol 8:549-570 ( (July) ) 1963;.
7 +
Zipkin, I., et al:  Fluoride Deposition in Human Bones , Public Health Rep 73:732-740 ( (Aug) ) 1958;.
8 +
Baylink, D.J., and Bernstein, D.S.:  The Effects of Fluoride Therapy on Metabolic Bone Disease: A Histologic Study , Clin Orthop 55:51-85 ( (Nov) -Dec) 1967;.
9 +
Reifenstein, E.C., and Albright, F.:  The Metabolic Effects of Steroid Hormones in Osteoporosis , J Clin Invest 26:24-56 ( (Jan) ) 1947;.
10 +
Whedon, G.D., et al:  Metabolic Studies in Paralytic Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis: IV. Effects of Testosterone Propionate and Estradiol Benzoate on Calcium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Creatine, and Electrolyte Metabolism , J Clin Invest 36:995-1018 ( (June) ) 1957;.
11 +
Solomon, G.F.; Dickerson, W.J.; and Eisenberg, E.:  Psychologic and Osteometabolic Responses to Sex Hormones in Elderly Osteoporotic Women , Geriatrics 15:46-60 ( (Jan) ) 1960;.
12 +
Henneman, P.H., and Wallach, S.:  A Review of the Prolonged Use of Estrogen and Androgen in Postmenopausal and Senile Osteoporosis , Arch Intern Med 100:715-723 ( (Nov) ) 1957;.
13 +
Lafferty, F.W.; Spencer, C.E., Jr.; and Pearson, A.H.:  Effects of Androgens, Estrogens, and High Calcium Intakes on Bone Formation and Resorption in Osteoporosis , Amer J Med 36:514-528 ( (April) ) 1964;.
14 +
Hernberg, C.A.:  Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis With Estrogens and Androgens , Acta Endocr 34:51-59 ( (May) ) 1960;.
15 +
West, H.F., and Lewis-Faning, E.:  Controlled Trial of Methenolone Acetate in Prednisolone Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients , Amer Rheum Dis 24:576-580 ( (Nov) ) 1965;.
16 +
Dymling, J.F.; Isaksson, B.; and Sjogren, B.: " Anabolic Steroids in the Treatment of Osteopenia ," Protein Metabolism , Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1962;, pp 412-423.
17 +
Lambrechts, A., and Jadone, R.:  Influence of Norandrostenolone Phenylproprionate on Growth and Balance Experiments in Children , Acta Endocr 63 (suppl):37-48 ( (May 10) ) 1961;.
18 +
Reifenstein, E.C., Jr.; Albright, F.; and Winters, S.L.:  The Accumulation, Interpretation, and Presentation of Data Pertaining to Metabolic Balances, Notably Those of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen , J Clin Endocr 5:367-395 ( (Nov) ) 1945;.
19 +
Nowakowski, H.:  Metabolic Studies With Anabolic Steroids , Acta Endocr 63 (suppl):37-48 ( (May 10) ) 1961;.
20 +
Kochakian, C.D.:  The Protein Anabolic Effects of Steroid Hormones , Vitamins Hormones 4:255-310, 1946;.
21 +
Goldsmith, R.S., et al:  Effects of Phosphate Supplements in Patients With Fractures , Lancet 1: 687-690 ( (April 1) ) 1967;.
22 +
Goldsmith, R.S., and Ingbar, S.H.:  Inorganic Phosphate Treatment of Hypercalcemia of Diverse Etiologies , New Eng J Med 274:1-7 ( (Jan 6) ) 1966;.
23 +
Goldsmith, R.S., and Ingbar, S.H.:  Effects of Oral Phosphate Supplements in Demineralizing Disorders of Bone , J Clin Invest 45:1014 ( (June) ) 1966;.
24 +
Mack, P.B.; Vose, G.P.; and Nelson, J.D.:  New Development in Equipment for the Roentgenographic Measurement of Bone Density , Amer J Roentgen 82:303-310 ( (Aug) ) 1958;.
25 +
Vose, G.P.: Factors Affecting the Precision of Radiographic Densitometry of the Lumbar Spine and Femoral Neck: Progress in Development of Methods of Bone Densitometry, NASA Publication SP-64, 1966, pp 47-63.
26 +
Garn, S.M.:  An Annotated Bibliography on Bone Densitometry , Amer J Clin Nutr 10:59 ( (Jan) ) 1962;.
27 +
Keele, D.K., and Worley, J.W.:  Study of an Anabolic Steroid: Certain Effects of Oxymetholone on Small Children , Amer J Dis Child 113:422-430 ( (April) ) 1967;.
28 +
Vose, G.P., and Pyke, R.E.:  Compositional Factors Affecting Vertebral X-ray Absorption , Invest Radiol 1:371-378 ( (Sept) -Oct) 1966;.
29 +
Vose, G.P.: Semi-annual Report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Tex, June 30, 1968.
30 +
Rich, C., et al:  Factors Involved in an Objective Study of the Efficacy of Treatment of Osteoporosis , Clin Orthop 45:63-66 ( (March) -April) 1966;.

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