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Review of Studies With Inactivated Rubella Virus FREE

Earl S. Beck, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Received for publication March 4, 1969.

Read before the International Conference of Rubella Immunization, Bethesda, Md, Feb 20, 1969.

Reprint requests to Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md 20014.


Am J Dis Child. 1969;118(2):328-333. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1969.02100040330030.
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THERE is need of a safe effective inactivated rubella virus vaccine for women in the child-bearing age, without regard to pregnancy. Even though an attenuated live virus vaccine becomes available, its use in the adult woman, who might unknowingly be pregnant, will be restricted because of the teratogenicity associated with wild virus. The definitive experiments required to prove the absolute safety of the attenuated virus for pregnant women pose moral and ethical problems which are difficult to resolve.

Work directed toward the development of an inactivated vaccine has been underway several years. It is recognized that the successful development of such a vaccine depends upon: (1) production of immunologically active concentrations of virus in a potentially acceptable cell culture system, and (2) demonstration that, after complete inactivation, this material is antigenic and protective for man.

Virus Propagation  The preparation of a potent inactivated vaccine requires high titered virus, usually in

REFERENCES

Barbosa, L., and Warren, Jr.:  Studies on the Detection of Rubella Virus and Its Immunogenicity for Animals and Man , Springfield, Va: Technical Report PB 175-508(CFSTI) , 1967;.
Liebhaver, H.; Pajot, T.; and Reordan, J.T.:  Growth of High Titered Rubella Virus in Roller Bottle Cultures of Vero Cells , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 130:12-14 ( (Jan) ) 1969;.
Green, R.H., et al:  Studies of the Natural History and Prevention of Rubella , Amer J Dis Child 110:348-365 ( (Oct) ) 1965;.
Meyer, H.M., Jr., et al:  Clinical Studies With Attenuated Rubella Virus , International Conference on Vaccines Against Viral and Rickettsial Diseases of Man , Washington, DC, 1966;, Pan American Health Organization and WHO Scientific Publication No. 147/1967, p 390.
Parkman, P.D., et al:  Experimental Rubella Virus Infection in the Rhesus Monkey , J Immun 95:743-752 ( (Oct) ) 1965;.
Sever, J.L.; Schiff, G.M.; and Huebner, R.J.:  Inactivated Rubella Virus Vaccine , J Lab Clin Med 62:1015 ( (Dec) ) 1963;.
Buynak, E.B., et al:  Live Attenuated Rubella Virus Vaccines Prepared in Duck Embryo Cell Culture , JAMA 204:195-200 ( (April 15) ) 1968;.
Frankel, J.W.:  Neutralizing Antibody Responses of Guinea Pigs to Inactivated Rubella Virus Vaccine , Nature 204:655-656 ( (Nov) ) 1964;.
Parkman, P.D., et al:  Studies of Rubella: I. Properties of the Virus , J Immun 93:595-607 ( (Oct) ) 1964;.
LoGrippo, G., and Hartman, F.:  Antigenicity of Betapropiolactone in Active Virus Vaccines , J Immun 75:123-128 ( (June) ) 1955;.
Fabiyi, A., et al:  Rubella Virus , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122:392-396 ( (June) ) 1966;.
Brackett, R.G., and Cole, G.C.:  Preparation and Study of Rubella Virus Vaccines , Springfield, Va: Final Contract Progress Report (CFSTI) , 1969;, to be published.
Benesi, E.:  Design of Centrifilmer for Ultraviolet Irradiation of Liquids , Gen Motors Eng J 3:2-8 ( (Oct) ) 1956;.
Parkman, P.D., et al:  Attenuated Rubella Virus: I. Development and Laboratory Characterization , New Eng J Med 275:569-574 ( (Sept) ) 1966;.
Bittle, J.L.; Emery, J.B.; and Castro, A.E.:  Research and Development of an Inactivated Rubella Virus Vaccine , Springfield, Va: Technical Report PB 173-898 (CFSTI) , 1966;.
Polley, J.R.:  The Use of Gamma Radiation for the Preparation of Virus Vaccines , Canad J Microbiol 8:455-459 ( (June) ) 1962;.
Polley, J.R.:  Factors Influencing Inactivation of Infectivity and Hemagglutinin of Influenza Virus by Gamma Irradiation , Canad J Microbiol 7:535-541 ( (Aug) ) 1961;.
Reitman, M., and Tribble, H.R., Jr.:  Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Gamma Irradiation , Appl Microbiol 15: 1456-1459 ( (Sept) ) 1967;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

Barbosa, L., and Warren, Jr.:  Studies on the Detection of Rubella Virus and Its Immunogenicity for Animals and Man , Springfield, Va: Technical Report PB 175-508(CFSTI) , 1967;.
Liebhaver, H.; Pajot, T.; and Reordan, J.T.:  Growth of High Titered Rubella Virus in Roller Bottle Cultures of Vero Cells , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 130:12-14 ( (Jan) ) 1969;.
Green, R.H., et al:  Studies of the Natural History and Prevention of Rubella , Amer J Dis Child 110:348-365 ( (Oct) ) 1965;.
Meyer, H.M., Jr., et al:  Clinical Studies With Attenuated Rubella Virus , International Conference on Vaccines Against Viral and Rickettsial Diseases of Man , Washington, DC, 1966;, Pan American Health Organization and WHO Scientific Publication No. 147/1967, p 390.
Parkman, P.D., et al:  Experimental Rubella Virus Infection in the Rhesus Monkey , J Immun 95:743-752 ( (Oct) ) 1965;.
Sever, J.L.; Schiff, G.M.; and Huebner, R.J.:  Inactivated Rubella Virus Vaccine , J Lab Clin Med 62:1015 ( (Dec) ) 1963;.
Buynak, E.B., et al:  Live Attenuated Rubella Virus Vaccines Prepared in Duck Embryo Cell Culture , JAMA 204:195-200 ( (April 15) ) 1968;.
Frankel, J.W.:  Neutralizing Antibody Responses of Guinea Pigs to Inactivated Rubella Virus Vaccine , Nature 204:655-656 ( (Nov) ) 1964;.
Parkman, P.D., et al:  Studies of Rubella: I. Properties of the Virus , J Immun 93:595-607 ( (Oct) ) 1964;.
LoGrippo, G., and Hartman, F.:  Antigenicity of Betapropiolactone in Active Virus Vaccines , J Immun 75:123-128 ( (June) ) 1955;.
Fabiyi, A., et al:  Rubella Virus , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122:392-396 ( (June) ) 1966;.
Brackett, R.G., and Cole, G.C.:  Preparation and Study of Rubella Virus Vaccines , Springfield, Va: Final Contract Progress Report (CFSTI) , 1969;, to be published.
Benesi, E.:  Design of Centrifilmer for Ultraviolet Irradiation of Liquids , Gen Motors Eng J 3:2-8 ( (Oct) ) 1956;.
Parkman, P.D., et al:  Attenuated Rubella Virus: I. Development and Laboratory Characterization , New Eng J Med 275:569-574 ( (Sept) ) 1966;.
Bittle, J.L.; Emery, J.B.; and Castro, A.E.:  Research and Development of an Inactivated Rubella Virus Vaccine , Springfield, Va: Technical Report PB 173-898 (CFSTI) , 1966;.
Polley, J.R.:  The Use of Gamma Radiation for the Preparation of Virus Vaccines , Canad J Microbiol 8:455-459 ( (June) ) 1962;.
Polley, J.R.:  Factors Influencing Inactivation of Infectivity and Hemagglutinin of Influenza Virus by Gamma Irradiation , Canad J Microbiol 7:535-541 ( (Aug) ) 1961;.
Reitman, M., and Tribble, H.R., Jr.:  Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Gamma Irradiation , Appl Microbiol 15: 1456-1459 ( (Sept) ) 1967;.

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