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December 1954, Vol 88, No. 6 >
Article | December 1954

ACUTE ENDOCARDITIS IN INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD FREE

DUNCAN MACAULAY, B.Sc., M.D., M.R.C.P. (LOND.), D.C.H.
AMA Am J Dis Child. 1954;88(6):715-731. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1954.02050100717003.
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Comments

ACUTE ENDOCARDITIS is uncommon in early childhood and especially so in infancy. The purpose of this paper is to report in detail a case occurring in a newborn infant, to give an account of 13 others in children under age of 2 years, and to review the literature.

REPORT OF CASE IN A NEWBORN  A healthy woman aged 21 years was delivered of her first child on May 30, 1952. Delivery was normal, and the infant, a girl, weighed 8 lb. 6 oz. (3,800 gm.) at birth. She was routinely examined on the second day and presented no evidence of any abnormality. Breast feeding was instituted, and progress was satisfactory until the evening of the seventh day. She then vomited several times and was found to have a rectal temperature of 102.6 F. Examination showed a distended abdomen, with palpable liver and spleen. The terminal phalanx of the left thumb

REFERENCES

1 +
White, P. D.:  The Incidence of Endocarditis in Earliest Childhood , Am. J. Dis. Child. 32:536, 1926;.
2 +
Gelfman, R., and Levine, S. A.:  The Incidence of Acute and Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis in Congenital Heart Disease , Am. J. M. Sc. 204:324, 1942;.
3 +
Geiger, R.:  Über Endokarditis in frühen Kindesalter , Ztschr. Kinderh. 40:370, 1925;.
4 +
Weill-Hallé, B., and Léwi, S.:  Sur les endocardites de l'enfance , Semaine hop. Paris 13:235, 1937;.
5 +
Heron, M. J., and Ross, S. G.:  Bacterial Endocarditis (Streptococcus Viridans) in an 18-Months Old Infant Successfully Treated with Penicillin , Canad. M. A. J. 59:367, 1948;.
6 +
Kugelmass, I. N.:  Penicillin in Pneumococcic Endocarditis of an Infant with Congenital Heart Disease , New York J. Med. 45:1460, 1945;.
7 +
Wolff, S.:  On Acute Endocarditis in Infants , Brit. J. Child. Dis. 37:241, 1940;.
8 +
Steffen, A.: Klinik der Kinderkrankheiten , Berlin, A. Hirschwald, 1889;, Vol. 3.
9 +
Bednar, A.: Die Krankheiten der Neugebornen und Säuglinge vom klinischen und pathologisch-anatomischen Standpunkte , Vienna, C. Gerold, 1850-1853;.
10 +
Ayrolles, P.:  Endocardite congénitale généralisée: Oblitération de l'orifice mitral; cloissonnement de l'orifice tricuspide , Rev. mens. mal. enf. Paris 3:222, 1885;.
11 +
Pitt, G. N.:  Fungating Endocarditis of Aortic Valves in an Infant 11 Months old , Tr. Path. Soc. London 44:28, 1892-1893;.
12 +
Bidone, E.:  Erisipela materna: Endocardite streptococcica fetale , Teratologia 1:182, 1894;.
13 +
d'Astros, L.:  Quelques causes d'endocardite chez l'enfant , Rev. mens. mal. enf. Paris 16:601, 1898;.
14 +
Blum, S.:  Ein Fall von Pyocyaneus-Septikämie mit complizierender Pyocyaneus-Endocarditis im Kindesalter , Centralbl. Bakt. 25:113, 1899;.
15 +
Lempp, K.:  Über Endocarditis im Säuglingsalter , Monatsschr. Kinderh. 6:78, 1907;.
16 +
Landouzy, L., and Gougerot, H.:  Endocarditis bacillaires infantiles: Endocardites secondaires; endocardites primitives septicémiques non folliculaires , Presse med. 16:713, 1908;.
17 +
Baron, L.:  Ein Fall von combinierter Herzerkrankung bei einem Säugling , Arch. Kinderh. 51:88, 1909;.
18 +
Poynton, F. J.:  A Lecture on Mitral Stenosis in Childhood , Clin. J. 34:231, 1909;.
19 +
Marfan, A. B., and Saint-Girons, F.:  Endo-myocardite aiguë de cause inconnue chez un nourrisson ayant determiné des embodies pulmonaires multiples et s'étant manifestée sous la forme d'une bronchopneumonie grave , Nourrisson 1:290, 1913;.
20 +
Huber, H.:  Acute Infective Endocarditis: Due to Streptococcus Attenuans in a Child One Year Old , Am. J. Dis. Child. 10:33, 1915;.
21 +
Dible, J. H.:  Streptococcal Ulcerative Endocarditis of the Aortic Valves, Occurring in an Infant Aged Six Months , J. Path. & Bact. 23:196, 1920;.
22 +
Dwyer, H. L.:  Malignant Endocarditis and Metastatic Abscess in Gonococcemia: Report of Case in a Child with Culture of Gonococcus from Blood During Life , J. A. M. A. 75:1643, 1920;.
23 +
McCartney, J. E.:  A Case of Acute Ulcerative Endocarditis in a Child Aged Three and a Half Weeks , J. Path. & Bact. 25:277, 1922;.
24 +
Skinner, E. F.:  A Case of Infantile Acute Endocarditis , Lancet 1:1147, 1922;.
25 +
Canelli, A. F.:  Sopra un caso di endocardite acuta in una lattante con difetto congenito del setto interventricolare , Pediatria 30:495, 1922;.
26 +
Schroeder, L. C.:  Observations on the Etiology and Pathology of Chorea Minor , J. A. M. A. 79:181, 1922;.
27 +
Marfan, A. B.:  Endocardite végétante des orifices mitral et tricuspide chez une fillette de 3 mois atteinte de malformations cardiaques , Nourrisson 15:329, 1927;.
28 +
Lereboullet, P., and Bohn, A.:  Malformations cardiaques congénitales et endocardite végétante , Bull. Soc. pédiat. Paris 26:29, 1928;.
29 +
Loffredo, A.:  Due casi di endocardite acuta in neonato e in lattante di 3 mesi , Pediatria 38:311, 1930;.
30 +
Sansby, J. M., and Larson, L. M.:  Acute Bacterial Endocarditis in Infancy: Review of Literature and Report of Case in a 5 Weeks Old Infant , Am. J. Dis. Child. 39:1261, 1930;.
31 +
d'Ewart, J.:  Bacterial Endocarditis in an Infant 13 Days Old , Brit. M. J. 2:699, 1931;.
32 +
Tow, A.:  Cor Biloculare with Truncus Arteriosus and Endocarditis , Am. J. Dis. Child. 42:1413, 1931;.
33 +
de Vecchi, B.:  The Endocarditic Process in Childhood , Arch. Path. 12:49, 1931;.
34 +
Boysen, A. E.:  Chronic Parietal Endocarditis and Acute Ulcerative Thrombo-Endocarditis with Streptococcus Viridans in a 9 Months Old Infant , Am. J. Dis. Child. 43:143, 1932;.
35 +
Brandes, W. W.:  Gonococcal Endocarditis in Infant 10 Days Old with Gonorrheal Conjunctivitis , Am. J. Dis. Child. 46:341, 1933;.
36 +
Rohmer, P.; Bellocq, and Schneegans, E.:  L'Endocardite verruqueuse du nourrisson , Rev. franç. pédiat. 9:681, 1933;.
37 +
Thomson, J.: The Clinical Study and Treatment of Sick Children , Ed. 5, Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, Ltd., 1933;, p. 592.
38 +
Fischer, V. E.:  Rheumatic Heart Disease at One Year , Am. J. Dis. Child. 48:590, 1934;.
39 +
Sanders, C. B.:  Acute Endocarditis in Infants: A Case Report , Texas J. Med. 29:585, 1934;.
40 +
Taussig, H. B.:  Septic Endocarditis in an Infant 7 Weeks of Age , Am. J. Dis. Child. 48:355, 1934;.
41 +
Armand-Delille, P., and Lesobre, R.:  Malformation congénitales du cœur avec cyanose: Endocardite subaiguë; double hémiplégie , Bull. Soc. pédiat. Paris 33:274, 1935;.
42 +
Kutzner, G.:  Endokarditis im Säuglingsalter bei Pyämie durch Staphylokokken , Ztschr. Kinderh. 57:153, 1935;.
43 +
Giddings, E. S.:  Two Cases of Endocarditis in Infants , Canad. M. A. J. 35:71, 1936;.
44 +
Lereboullet, P.; Bohn, A., and Odinet, J.:  Septicémie avec endocardite végétante et infarctus pulmonaires et rénaux chez un nourrisson de 3 mois , Nourrisson 24:137, 1936;.
45 +
Mulsow, F. W., and Hess, H. R.:  Acute Bacterial Endocarditis in Infants: Report of Case , Am. Heart. J. 12:368, 1936;.
46 +
Feldmann, R.:  Myokarditis und Endokarditis im Säuglingsalter , Jahrb. Kinderh. 150:138, 1937;.
47 +
Plaut, A.:  Active Endocarditis in the Newborn , Amer. J. Path. 15:649, 1939;.
48 +
Schönlebe, H.:  Über Gefässwandschädigungen des Lungenkreislaufes bei fetaler und frühkindlicher Endokarditis , Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 304:526, 1939;.
49 +
Luxton, R. W., and Smith, G. S.:  Pneumococcal Endocarditis , Quart. J. Med. 12:61,1943;.
50 +
Lapage, C. P., and Langley, F. A.:  Acute Bacterial Endocarditis with a Positive Blood Culture in a Child Aged One Year , Arch. Dis. Childhood 22:253, 1947;.
51 +
Bain, R. C.; Geraci, J. E.; DuShane, J. W., and Edwards, J. E.:  Cardiac Clinics: Bacterial Endocarditis of the Tricuspid Valve in a 15-Month-Old Infant , Proc. Staff. Meet., Mayo Clin. 27:180, 1952;.
52 +
Finkelstein, H.: Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten , Ed. 1, Berlin, H. Kornfeld, 1905;,
53 +
and Ed. 3, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924.
54 +
Northrup, W. P.:  Infrequence (Absence?) of Endocarditis at New York Foundling Hospital , in Jacobi Festschrift , New York, Knickerbocker Press, 1900;.
55 +
Kehr, H. L., and Adelman, M.:  Acute Bacterial Endocarditis in Infancy , Am. J. Dis. Child. 64:487, 1942;.
56 +
Ribbert, H.: in Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie , edited by F. Henke and O. Lubarsch, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924;, Vol. 2, p. 206.
57 +
Holt, L. E.: The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood , London, D. Appleton & Company, 1897;, p. 574.
58 +
Plaut, A., and Sharnoff, G.:  Acute Valvular Endocarditis in the New-Born , Arch. Path. 20:582, 1935;.
59 +
Gross, P.:  Concept of Fetal Endocarditis: General Review with Report of Illustrative Case , Arch. Path. 31:163, 1941;.
60 +
von Dusch, T.:  Die Krankheiten des Endocardium , in Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten , edited by C. Gerhardt, Tübingen, H. Laupp, 1877-1883;, Vol. 4, p. 324.
61 +
Czirer, L.:  Über die Veränderungen an den Herzklappen bei akuten Infektionskrankheiten , Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 213:272, 1913;.
62 +
Kelson, S. R., and White, P. D.:  Notes on 250 Cases of Subacute Bacterial (Streptococcal) Endocarditis Studied and Treated Between 1927 and 1939 , Ann. Int. Med. 22:40, 1945;.
63 +
Schlesinger, B.:  Subacute Infective Endocarditis in Childhood , Brit. J. Child. Dis. 25:33, 1928;.
64 +
Jones, M.:  Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis of Nonstreptococcic Etiology: Review of Literature of 13 Year Period 1936-1948 Inclusive , Am. Heart J. 40:106, 1950;.
65 +
Adams, S. S.:  Septic Endocarditis , in Jacobi Festschrift , New York, Knickerbocker Press, 1900;, p. 433.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

References

1 +
White, P. D.:  The Incidence of Endocarditis in Earliest Childhood , Am. J. Dis. Child. 32:536, 1926;.
2 +
Gelfman, R., and Levine, S. A.:  The Incidence of Acute and Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis in Congenital Heart Disease , Am. J. M. Sc. 204:324, 1942;.
3 +
Geiger, R.:  Über Endokarditis in frühen Kindesalter , Ztschr. Kinderh. 40:370, 1925;.
4 +
Weill-Hallé, B., and Léwi, S.:  Sur les endocardites de l'enfance , Semaine hop. Paris 13:235, 1937;.
5 +
Heron, M. J., and Ross, S. G.:  Bacterial Endocarditis (Streptococcus Viridans) in an 18-Months Old Infant Successfully Treated with Penicillin , Canad. M. A. J. 59:367, 1948;.
6 +
Kugelmass, I. N.:  Penicillin in Pneumococcic Endocarditis of an Infant with Congenital Heart Disease , New York J. Med. 45:1460, 1945;.
7 +
Wolff, S.:  On Acute Endocarditis in Infants , Brit. J. Child. Dis. 37:241, 1940;.
8 +
Steffen, A.: Klinik der Kinderkrankheiten , Berlin, A. Hirschwald, 1889;, Vol. 3.
9 +
Bednar, A.: Die Krankheiten der Neugebornen und Säuglinge vom klinischen und pathologisch-anatomischen Standpunkte , Vienna, C. Gerold, 1850-1853;.
10 +
Ayrolles, P.:  Endocardite congénitale généralisée: Oblitération de l'orifice mitral; cloissonnement de l'orifice tricuspide , Rev. mens. mal. enf. Paris 3:222, 1885;.
11 +
Pitt, G. N.:  Fungating Endocarditis of Aortic Valves in an Infant 11 Months old , Tr. Path. Soc. London 44:28, 1892-1893;.
12 +
Bidone, E.:  Erisipela materna: Endocardite streptococcica fetale , Teratologia 1:182, 1894;.
13 +
d'Astros, L.:  Quelques causes d'endocardite chez l'enfant , Rev. mens. mal. enf. Paris 16:601, 1898;.
14 +
Blum, S.:  Ein Fall von Pyocyaneus-Septikämie mit complizierender Pyocyaneus-Endocarditis im Kindesalter , Centralbl. Bakt. 25:113, 1899;.
15 +
Lempp, K.:  Über Endocarditis im Säuglingsalter , Monatsschr. Kinderh. 6:78, 1907;.
16 +
Landouzy, L., and Gougerot, H.:  Endocarditis bacillaires infantiles: Endocardites secondaires; endocardites primitives septicémiques non folliculaires , Presse med. 16:713, 1908;.
17 +
Baron, L.:  Ein Fall von combinierter Herzerkrankung bei einem Säugling , Arch. Kinderh. 51:88, 1909;.
18 +
Poynton, F. J.:  A Lecture on Mitral Stenosis in Childhood , Clin. J. 34:231, 1909;.
19 +
Marfan, A. B., and Saint-Girons, F.:  Endo-myocardite aiguë de cause inconnue chez un nourrisson ayant determiné des embodies pulmonaires multiples et s'étant manifestée sous la forme d'une bronchopneumonie grave , Nourrisson 1:290, 1913;.
20 +
Huber, H.:  Acute Infective Endocarditis: Due to Streptococcus Attenuans in a Child One Year Old , Am. J. Dis. Child. 10:33, 1915;.
21 +
Dible, J. H.:  Streptococcal Ulcerative Endocarditis of the Aortic Valves, Occurring in an Infant Aged Six Months , J. Path. & Bact. 23:196, 1920;.
22 +
Dwyer, H. L.:  Malignant Endocarditis and Metastatic Abscess in Gonococcemia: Report of Case in a Child with Culture of Gonococcus from Blood During Life , J. A. M. A. 75:1643, 1920;.
23 +
McCartney, J. E.:  A Case of Acute Ulcerative Endocarditis in a Child Aged Three and a Half Weeks , J. Path. & Bact. 25:277, 1922;.
24 +
Skinner, E. F.:  A Case of Infantile Acute Endocarditis , Lancet 1:1147, 1922;.
25 +
Canelli, A. F.:  Sopra un caso di endocardite acuta in una lattante con difetto congenito del setto interventricolare , Pediatria 30:495, 1922;.
26 +
Schroeder, L. C.:  Observations on the Etiology and Pathology of Chorea Minor , J. A. M. A. 79:181, 1922;.
27 +
Marfan, A. B.:  Endocardite végétante des orifices mitral et tricuspide chez une fillette de 3 mois atteinte de malformations cardiaques , Nourrisson 15:329, 1927;.
28 +
Lereboullet, P., and Bohn, A.:  Malformations cardiaques congénitales et endocardite végétante , Bull. Soc. pédiat. Paris 26:29, 1928;.
29 +
Loffredo, A.:  Due casi di endocardite acuta in neonato e in lattante di 3 mesi , Pediatria 38:311, 1930;.
30 +
Sansby, J. M., and Larson, L. M.:  Acute Bacterial Endocarditis in Infancy: Review of Literature and Report of Case in a 5 Weeks Old Infant , Am. J. Dis. Child. 39:1261, 1930;.
31 +
d'Ewart, J.:  Bacterial Endocarditis in an Infant 13 Days Old , Brit. M. J. 2:699, 1931;.
32 +
Tow, A.:  Cor Biloculare with Truncus Arteriosus and Endocarditis , Am. J. Dis. Child. 42:1413, 1931;.
33 +
de Vecchi, B.:  The Endocarditic Process in Childhood , Arch. Path. 12:49, 1931;.
34 +
Boysen, A. E.:  Chronic Parietal Endocarditis and Acute Ulcerative Thrombo-Endocarditis with Streptococcus Viridans in a 9 Months Old Infant , Am. J. Dis. Child. 43:143, 1932;.
35 +
Brandes, W. W.:  Gonococcal Endocarditis in Infant 10 Days Old with Gonorrheal Conjunctivitis , Am. J. Dis. Child. 46:341, 1933;.
36 +
Rohmer, P.; Bellocq, and Schneegans, E.:  L'Endocardite verruqueuse du nourrisson , Rev. franç. pédiat. 9:681, 1933;.
37 +
Thomson, J.: The Clinical Study and Treatment of Sick Children , Ed. 5, Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, Ltd., 1933;, p. 592.
38 +
Fischer, V. E.:  Rheumatic Heart Disease at One Year , Am. J. Dis. Child. 48:590, 1934;.
39 +
Sanders, C. B.:  Acute Endocarditis in Infants: A Case Report , Texas J. Med. 29:585, 1934;.
40 +
Taussig, H. B.:  Septic Endocarditis in an Infant 7 Weeks of Age , Am. J. Dis. Child. 48:355, 1934;.
41 +
Armand-Delille, P., and Lesobre, R.:  Malformation congénitales du cœur avec cyanose: Endocardite subaiguë; double hémiplégie , Bull. Soc. pédiat. Paris 33:274, 1935;.
42 +
Kutzner, G.:  Endokarditis im Säuglingsalter bei Pyämie durch Staphylokokken , Ztschr. Kinderh. 57:153, 1935;.
43 +
Giddings, E. S.:  Two Cases of Endocarditis in Infants , Canad. M. A. J. 35:71, 1936;.
44 +
Lereboullet, P.; Bohn, A., and Odinet, J.:  Septicémie avec endocardite végétante et infarctus pulmonaires et rénaux chez un nourrisson de 3 mois , Nourrisson 24:137, 1936;.
45 +
Mulsow, F. W., and Hess, H. R.:  Acute Bacterial Endocarditis in Infants: Report of Case , Am. Heart. J. 12:368, 1936;.
46 +
Feldmann, R.:  Myokarditis und Endokarditis im Säuglingsalter , Jahrb. Kinderh. 150:138, 1937;.
47 +
Plaut, A.:  Active Endocarditis in the Newborn , Amer. J. Path. 15:649, 1939;.
48 +
Schönlebe, H.:  Über Gefässwandschädigungen des Lungenkreislaufes bei fetaler und frühkindlicher Endokarditis , Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 304:526, 1939;.
49 +
Luxton, R. W., and Smith, G. S.:  Pneumococcal Endocarditis , Quart. J. Med. 12:61,1943;.
50 +
Lapage, C. P., and Langley, F. A.:  Acute Bacterial Endocarditis with a Positive Blood Culture in a Child Aged One Year , Arch. Dis. Childhood 22:253, 1947;.
51 +
Bain, R. C.; Geraci, J. E.; DuShane, J. W., and Edwards, J. E.:  Cardiac Clinics: Bacterial Endocarditis of the Tricuspid Valve in a 15-Month-Old Infant , Proc. Staff. Meet., Mayo Clin. 27:180, 1952;.
52 +
Finkelstein, H.: Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten , Ed. 1, Berlin, H. Kornfeld, 1905;,
53 +
and Ed. 3, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924.
54 +
Northrup, W. P.:  Infrequence (Absence?) of Endocarditis at New York Foundling Hospital , in Jacobi Festschrift , New York, Knickerbocker Press, 1900;.
55 +
Kehr, H. L., and Adelman, M.:  Acute Bacterial Endocarditis in Infancy , Am. J. Dis. Child. 64:487, 1942;.
56 +
Ribbert, H.: in Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie , edited by F. Henke and O. Lubarsch, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924;, Vol. 2, p. 206.
57 +
Holt, L. E.: The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood , London, D. Appleton & Company, 1897;, p. 574.
58 +
Plaut, A., and Sharnoff, G.:  Acute Valvular Endocarditis in the New-Born , Arch. Path. 20:582, 1935;.
59 +
Gross, P.:  Concept of Fetal Endocarditis: General Review with Report of Illustrative Case , Arch. Path. 31:163, 1941;.
60 +
von Dusch, T.:  Die Krankheiten des Endocardium , in Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten , edited by C. Gerhardt, Tübingen, H. Laupp, 1877-1883;, Vol. 4, p. 324.
61 +
Czirer, L.:  Über die Veränderungen an den Herzklappen bei akuten Infektionskrankheiten , Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 213:272, 1913;.
62 +
Kelson, S. R., and White, P. D.:  Notes on 250 Cases of Subacute Bacterial (Streptococcal) Endocarditis Studied and Treated Between 1927 and 1939 , Ann. Int. Med. 22:40, 1945;.
63 +
Schlesinger, B.:  Subacute Infective Endocarditis in Childhood , Brit. J. Child. Dis. 25:33, 1928;.
64 +
Jones, M.:  Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis of Nonstreptococcic Etiology: Review of Literature of 13 Year Period 1936-1948 Inclusive , Am. Heart J. 40:106, 1950;.
65 +
Adams, S. S.:  Septic Endocarditis , in Jacobi Festschrift , New York, Knickerbocker Press, 1900;, p. 433.

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