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September 1953, Vol 86, No. 3 >
Article | September 1953

PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES OF A VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF POLIOMYELITIS FREE

ALBERT B. SABIN, M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Aided by a grant from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.

Read before the joint meeting of the Section on Pediatrics and the Section on Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and the Section on Preventive and Industrial Medicine and Public Health at the 102nd Annual Session of the American Medical Association, New York, June 4, 1953.


AMA Am J Dis Child. 1953;86(3):301-310. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1953.02050080311006.
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SINCE there is an impression that a practicable vaccine for poliomyelitis is either at hand or immediately around the corner, it may be best to start this discussion with the statement that such a vaccine is not now at hand and that one can only guess as to what is around the corner. The future possibilities of a vaccine for the control of poliomyelitis depend in large measure on what we still must and can learn with the new tools that have become available to poliomyelitis research in the last few years.

The objective is clear: to imitate what nature does for 99 to 99.9% of the population but without incurring the 1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000 risk of paralysis which in many parts of the world is the price for acquiring immunity to poliomyelitis. The knowledge and tools we had only five years ago provided little hope

REFERENCES

1 +
 Immunologic Classification of Poliomyelitis Viruses: Discussion of Results and General Summary, Committee on Typing of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis , Am. J. Hyg. 54:268, 1951;.
2 +
Enders, J. F.; Weller, T. H., and Robbins, F. C.:  Cultivation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Embryonic Tissues , Science 109:85, 1949;.
3 +
Robbins, F. C.; Weller, T. H., and Enders, J. F.:  Studies on the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture: II. The Propagation of the Poliomyelitis Viruses in Roller-Tube Cultures of Various Human Tissues , J. Immunol. 69:673, 1952;.
4 +
Bodian, D.:  Experimental Studies on Passive Immunization Against Poliomyelitis: I. Protection with Human Gamma Globulin Against Intramuscular Inoculation, and Combined Passive and Active Immunization , Am. J. Hyg. 54:132, 1951;
5 +
 II. The Prophylactic Effect of Human Gamma Globulin on Paralytic Poliomyelitis in Cynomolgus Monkeys after Virus Feeding , Am. J. Hyg. 56:78, 1952;.
6 +
Freund, J.:  The Effect of Paraffin Oil and Mycobacteria on Antibody Formation and Sensitization: A Review , Am. J. Clin. Path. 21:645, 1951;.
7 +
Hammon, W. M.; Coriell, L. L.; Wehrle, P. F., and Stokes, J., Jr.:  Evaluation of Red Cross Gamma Globulin as a Prophylactic Agent for Poliomyelitis: IV. Final Report of Results Based on Clinical Diagnosis , J. A. M. A. 151:1272, 1953;.
8 +
Salk, J. E.; Lewis, L. J.; Bennett, B. L., and Youngner, J. S.:  Immunization of Monkeys with Poliomyelitis Viruses Grown in Cultures of Monkey Testicular Tissue , abstracted in Fed. Proc. 11:480, 1952;.
9 +
Salk, J. E.:  Studies in Human Subjects on Active Immunization Against Poliomyelitis: I. A Preliminary Report of Experiments in Progress , J. A. M. A. 151:1081, 1953;.
10 +
Sabin, A. B.:  Transitory Appearance of Type 2 Neutralizing Antibody in Patients Infected with Type 1 Poliomyelitis Virus , J. Exper. Med. 96:99, 1952;.
11 +
Howe, H. A.:  Antibody Response of Chimpanzees and Human Beings to Formalin Inactivated Trivalent Poliomyelitis Vaccine , Am. J. Hyg. 56:265, 1952;.
12 +
Scherer, W. F.; Syverton, J. T., and Gey, G. O.:  Studies on the Propagation in Vitro of Poliomyelitis Viruses: IV. Viral Multiplication in a Stable Strain of Human Malignant Epithelial Cells (Strain HeLa) Derived from an Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Cervix , J. Exper. Med. 97:695, 1953;.
13 +
Freund, J.; Lipton, M. M., and Thompson, G. E.:  Aspermatogenesis in the Guinea Pig Induced by Testicular Tissue and Adjuvants , J. Exper. Med. 97:711, 1953;.
14 +
Enders, J. F.; Weller, T. H.; and Robbins, F. C.:  Alteration in Pathogenicity for Monkeys of Brunhilde Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus Following Cultivation in Human Tissues , Fed. Proc. 11:467, 1952;.
15 +
Additional comments are included in the Addendum, p. 309.
16 +
Howe, H. A.; Bodian, D., and Morgan, I. M.:  Subclinical Poliomyelitis in the Chimpanzee and Its Relation to Alimentary Reinfection , Am. J. Hyg. 51:85, 1950;.
17 +
Koprowski, H.; Jervis, G. A., and Norton, T. W.:  Immune Responses in Human Volunteers upon Oral Administration of a Rodent-Adapted Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus , Am. J. Hyg. 55:108, 1952;
18 +
Koprowski, H.; Jervis, G. A.; Norton, T. W., and Nelsen, D. J.:  Further Studies on Oral Administration of Living Poliomyelitis Virus to Human Subjects , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 82:277, 1953;.
19 +
Cabasso, V. J.; Stebbins, M. R.; Dutcher, R. M.; Moyer, A. W., and Cox, H. R.:  Poliomyelitis: III. Propagation of MEF1 Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Developing Chick Embryo by Allantoic Cavity Inoculation , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 81:525, 1952;.
20 +
Li, C. P., and Schaeffer, M.:  Adaptation of Type I Poliomyelitis Virus to Mice , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 82:477, 1953;.
21 +
Steigman, A. J., and Sabin, A. B.:  Antibody Response of Patients with Poliomyelitis to Virus Recovered from Their Own Alimentary Tract , J. Exper. Med. 90:349, 1949;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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References

1 +
 Immunologic Classification of Poliomyelitis Viruses: Discussion of Results and General Summary, Committee on Typing of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis , Am. J. Hyg. 54:268, 1951;.
2 +
Enders, J. F.; Weller, T. H., and Robbins, F. C.:  Cultivation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Embryonic Tissues , Science 109:85, 1949;.
3 +
Robbins, F. C.; Weller, T. H., and Enders, J. F.:  Studies on the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture: II. The Propagation of the Poliomyelitis Viruses in Roller-Tube Cultures of Various Human Tissues , J. Immunol. 69:673, 1952;.
4 +
Bodian, D.:  Experimental Studies on Passive Immunization Against Poliomyelitis: I. Protection with Human Gamma Globulin Against Intramuscular Inoculation, and Combined Passive and Active Immunization , Am. J. Hyg. 54:132, 1951;
5 +
 II. The Prophylactic Effect of Human Gamma Globulin on Paralytic Poliomyelitis in Cynomolgus Monkeys after Virus Feeding , Am. J. Hyg. 56:78, 1952;.
6 +
Freund, J.:  The Effect of Paraffin Oil and Mycobacteria on Antibody Formation and Sensitization: A Review , Am. J. Clin. Path. 21:645, 1951;.
7 +
Hammon, W. M.; Coriell, L. L.; Wehrle, P. F., and Stokes, J., Jr.:  Evaluation of Red Cross Gamma Globulin as a Prophylactic Agent for Poliomyelitis: IV. Final Report of Results Based on Clinical Diagnosis , J. A. M. A. 151:1272, 1953;.
8 +
Salk, J. E.; Lewis, L. J.; Bennett, B. L., and Youngner, J. S.:  Immunization of Monkeys with Poliomyelitis Viruses Grown in Cultures of Monkey Testicular Tissue , abstracted in Fed. Proc. 11:480, 1952;.
9 +
Salk, J. E.:  Studies in Human Subjects on Active Immunization Against Poliomyelitis: I. A Preliminary Report of Experiments in Progress , J. A. M. A. 151:1081, 1953;.
10 +
Sabin, A. B.:  Transitory Appearance of Type 2 Neutralizing Antibody in Patients Infected with Type 1 Poliomyelitis Virus , J. Exper. Med. 96:99, 1952;.
11 +
Howe, H. A.:  Antibody Response of Chimpanzees and Human Beings to Formalin Inactivated Trivalent Poliomyelitis Vaccine , Am. J. Hyg. 56:265, 1952;.
12 +
Scherer, W. F.; Syverton, J. T., and Gey, G. O.:  Studies on the Propagation in Vitro of Poliomyelitis Viruses: IV. Viral Multiplication in a Stable Strain of Human Malignant Epithelial Cells (Strain HeLa) Derived from an Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Cervix , J. Exper. Med. 97:695, 1953;.
13 +
Freund, J.; Lipton, M. M., and Thompson, G. E.:  Aspermatogenesis in the Guinea Pig Induced by Testicular Tissue and Adjuvants , J. Exper. Med. 97:711, 1953;.
14 +
Enders, J. F.; Weller, T. H.; and Robbins, F. C.:  Alteration in Pathogenicity for Monkeys of Brunhilde Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus Following Cultivation in Human Tissues , Fed. Proc. 11:467, 1952;.
15 +
Additional comments are included in the Addendum, p. 309.
16 +
Howe, H. A.; Bodian, D., and Morgan, I. M.:  Subclinical Poliomyelitis in the Chimpanzee and Its Relation to Alimentary Reinfection , Am. J. Hyg. 51:85, 1950;.
17 +
Koprowski, H.; Jervis, G. A., and Norton, T. W.:  Immune Responses in Human Volunteers upon Oral Administration of a Rodent-Adapted Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus , Am. J. Hyg. 55:108, 1952;
18 +
Koprowski, H.; Jervis, G. A.; Norton, T. W., and Nelsen, D. J.:  Further Studies on Oral Administration of Living Poliomyelitis Virus to Human Subjects , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 82:277, 1953;.
19 +
Cabasso, V. J.; Stebbins, M. R.; Dutcher, R. M.; Moyer, A. W., and Cox, H. R.:  Poliomyelitis: III. Propagation of MEF1 Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Developing Chick Embryo by Allantoic Cavity Inoculation , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 81:525, 1952;.
20 +
Li, C. P., and Schaeffer, M.:  Adaptation of Type I Poliomyelitis Virus to Mice , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 82:477, 1953;.
21 +
Steigman, A. J., and Sabin, A. B.:  Antibody Response of Patients with Poliomyelitis to Virus Recovered from Their Own Alimentary Tract , J. Exper. Med. 90:349, 1949;.

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