Urologists and pediatricians are realizing the importance of determining the presence of anomalies of the urinary tract in infants and in children, and various investigators, among whom are Abt,1 Helmholz,2 Hunner,3 Hyman,4 Kretschmer,5 Lowsley and Butterfield,6 McKay,7 Mertz8 and Stevens,9 have emphasized the necessity of making complete urologic examinations of children who have urinary trouble which is resistant to intensive treatment over a reasonable period of time. The application of modern urologic methods has made it possible to diagnose an increasing number of urinary anomalies in infants and in children during life, instead of waiting for necropsy to reveal them. The actual frequency of urinary anomalies cannot be determined by a consideration of clinical diagnoses, since only those patients whose anomalies are causing trouble consult a physician.
On the other hand, data from necropsy in a consecutive series of patients dying